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Well-designed prompts are crucial for enhancing Large language models' (LLMs) reasoning capabilities while aligning their outputs with task requirements across diverse domains. However, manually designed prompts require expertise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Jinyu Xiang , Jiayi Zhang , Zhaoyang Yu , Xinbing Liang , Fengwei Teng , Jinhao Tu , Fashen Ren , Xiangru Tang , Sirui Hong , Chenglin Wu , Yuyu Luo

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven to be a highly effective strategy for endowing Large Language Models (LLMs) with robust multi-step reasoning abilities. However, its design and optimizations remain tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zhenhailong Wang , Xuehang Guo , Sofia Stoica , Haiyang Xu , Hongru Wang , Hyeonjeong Ha , Xiusi Chen , Yangyi Chen , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Heng Ji

Recently, large models have shown significant potential for smart healthcare. However, the deployment of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) for clinical services is currently hindered by three critical challenges: a tendency to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Siyong Chen , Jinbo Wen , Jiawen Kang , Tenghui Huang , Xumin Huang , Yuanjia Su , Hudan Pan , Zishao Zhong , Dusit Niyato , Shengli Xie , Dong In Kim

Reasoning has emerged as a pivotal capability in Large Language Models (LLMs). Through Reinforcement Learning (RL), typically Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), these models are able to solve complex tasks such as mathematics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xinyu Tian , Shu Zou , Zhaoyuan Yang , Mengqi He , Fabian Waschkowski , Lukas Wesemann , Peter Tu , Jing Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) still struggle with hallucinations despite their impressive capabilities. Recent studies have attempted to mitigate this by applying Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to multimodal scenarios using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Jinlan Fu , Shenzhen Huangfu , Hao Fei , Xiaoyu Shen , Bryan Hooi , Xipeng Qiu , See-Kiong Ng

Reinforcement learning with verifiable reward has recently emerged as a central paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs); however, prevailing mean-based methods, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Tao Ren , Jinyang Jiang , Hui Yang , Wan Tian , Minhao Zou , Guanghao Li , Zishi Zhang , Qinghao Wang , Shentao Qin , Yanjun Zhao , Rui Tao , Hui Shao , Yijie Peng

Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) have been observed to generate responses that include inaccurate or fabricated information, a phenomenon commonly known as ``hallucination''. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yue Zhang , Leyang Cui , Wei Bi , Shuming Shi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted as the cognitive core of embodied agents. However, inherited hallucinations, which stem from failures to ground user instructions in the observed physical environment, can lead to…

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Miao Pan , Wangjie Gan , Jintao Chen , Wenqi Zhang , Bing Sun , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang

Instruction-following Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) have achieved significant progress recently on a variety of tasks. These approaches merge strong pre-trained vision models and large language models (LLMs). Since these components…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yiyang Zhou , Chenhang Cui , Rafael Rafailov , Chelsea Finn , Huaxiu Yao

Recent advancements in large multimodal models (LMMs) have significantly enhanced performance across diverse tasks, with ongoing efforts to further integrate additional modalities such as video and audio. However, most existing LMMs remain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Sicong Leng , Yun Xing , Zesen Cheng , Yang Zhou , Hang Zhang , Xin Li , Deli Zhao , Shijian Lu , Chunyan Miao , Lidong Bing

Large Language Models (LLMs) can acquire extensive world knowledge through pre-training on large corpora. However, due to exposure to low-quality data, LLMs may exhibit harmful behavior without aligning with human values. The dominant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Tianhao Wu , Banghua Zhu , Ruoyu Zhang , Zhaojin Wen , Kannan Ramchandran , Jiantao Jiao

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) integrate image encoders with Large Language Models (LLMs) to process multi-modal inputs and perform complex visual tasks. However, they often generate hallucinations by describing non-existent objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yaqi Sun , Kyohei Atarashi , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima

Object hallucination remains a critical challenge in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), where models generate content inconsistent with visual inputs. Existing language-decoder based mitigation approaches often regulate visual or textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Liu Yu , Zhonghao Chen , Ping Kuang , Zhikun Feng , Fan Zhou , Lan Wang , Gillian Dobbie

Group Relative Policy Optimization(GRPO) has become a cornerstone of modern reinforcement learning alignment, prized for its efficacy in foregoing an explicit value-critic by leveraging reward normalization across sampled trajectory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Despite substantial advances, large language models (LLMs) continue to exhibit hallucinations, generating plausible yet incorrect responses. In this paper, we highlight a critical yet previously underexplored class of hallucinations driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Shaowen Wang , Yiqi Dong , Ruinian Chang , Tansheng Zhu , Yuebo Sun , Kaifeng Lyu , Jian Li

Recent advances in generative vision-language models (VLMs) have exciting potential implications for AI in radiology, yet VLMs are also known to produce hallucinations, nonsensical text, and other unwanted behaviors that can waste…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Oishi Banerjee , Hong-Yu Zhou , Subathra Adithan , Stephen Kwak , Kay Wu , Pranav Rajpurkar

Speech Recognition has seen a dramatic shift towards adopting Large Language Models (LLMs). This shift is partly driven by good scalability properties demonstrated by LLMs, ability to leverage large amounts of labelled, unlabelled speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Prashanth Gurunath Shivakumar , Yile Gu , Ankur Gandhe , Ivan Bulyko

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning and instruction-following capabilities, yet their expanded modality space introduces new compositional safety risks that emerge from complex text-image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xuankun Rong , Wenke Huang , Tingfeng Wang , Daiguo Zhou , Bo Du , Mang Ye

Despite the efficacy of Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) in aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), reward hacking remains a pivotal challenge. This issue emerges when LLMs excessively reduce the probability of rejected completions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chenxu Yang , Ruipeng Jia , Mingyu Zheng , Naibin Gu , Zheng Lin , Siyuan Chen , Weichong Yin , Hua Wu , Weiping Wang
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