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Toxicity detection mitigates the dissemination of toxic content (e.g., hateful comments, posts, and messages within online social actions) to safeguard a healthy online social environment. However, malicious users persistently develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hankun Kang , Xin Miao , Jianhao Chen , Jintao Wen , Mayi Xu , Weiyu Zhang , Wenpeng Lu , Tieyun Qian

This paper describes our participation in the DEtection of TOXicity in comments In Spanish (DETOXIS) shared task 2021 at the 3rd Workshop on Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum. The shared task is divided into two related classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Angel Felipe Magnossão de Paula , Ipek Baris Schlicht

The field of Language Reasoning Models (LRMs) has been very active over the past few years with advances in training and inference techniques enabling LRMs to reason longer, and more accurately. However, a growing body of studies show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Yannis Belkhiter , Seshu Tirupathi , Giulio Zizzo , John D. Kelleher

Templatic memes, characterized by a semantic structure adaptable to the creator's intent, represent a significant yet underexplored area within meme processing literature. With the goal of establishing a new direction for computational meme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Luke Bates , Peter Ebert Christensen , Preslav Nakov , Iryna Gurevych

Toxicity is an increasingly common and severe issue in online spaces. Consequently, a rich line of machine learning research over the past decade has focused on computationally detecting and mitigating online toxicity. These efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Wenbo Zhang , Hangzhi Guo , Ian D Kivlichan , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Davis Yadav , Amulya Yadav

Social media data has become a vital resource for studying mental health, offering real-time insights into thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that traditional methods often miss. Progress in this area has been facilitated by benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Saad Mankarious , Ayah Zirikly , Daniel Wiechmann , Elma Kerz , Edward Kempa , Yu Qiao

Internet memes have emerged as a novel format for communication and expressing ideas on the web. Their fluidity and creative nature are reflected in their widespread use, often across platforms and occasionally for unethical or harmful…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Saurav Joshi , Filip Ilievski , Luca Luceri

Automatic identification of hateful and abusive content is vital in combating the spread of harmful online content and its damaging effects. Most existing works evaluate models by examining the generalization error on train-test splits on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Lanqin Yuan , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

Memes are one of the most ubiquitous forms of social media communication. The study and processing of memes, which are intrinsically multimedia, is a popular topic right now. The study presented in this research is based on the Memotion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Nayan Varma Alluri , Neeli Dheeraj Krishna

Hate speech is a societal problem that has significantly grown through the Internet. New forms of digital content such as image memes have given rise to spread of hate using multimodal means, being far more difficult to analyse and detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Christos Koutlis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

This work proposes a new challenge set for multimodal classification, focusing on detecting hate speech in multimodal memes. It is constructed such that unimodal models struggle and only multimodal models can succeed: difficult examples…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Douwe Kiela , Hamed Firooz , Aravind Mohan , Vedanuj Goswami , Amanpreet Singh , Pratik Ringshia , Davide Testuggine

Existing toxic detection models face significant limitations, such as lack of transparency, customization, and reproducibility. These challenges stem from the closed-source nature of their training data and the paucity of explanations for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Tinh Son Luong , Thanh-Thien Le , Thang Viet Doan , Linh Ngo Van , Thien Huu Nguyen , Diep Thi-Ngoc Nguyen

The evolution of digital communication systems and the designs of online platforms have inadvertently facilitated the subconscious propagation of toxic behavior. Giving rise to reactive responses to toxic behavior. Toxicity in online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Smita Khapre , Melkamu Abay Mersha , Hassan Shakil , Jonali Baruah , Jugal Kalita

Disinformation has become a serious problem on social media. In particular, given their short format, visual attraction, and humorous nature, memes have a significant advantage in dissemination among online communities, making them an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Jingnong Qu , Liunian Harold Li , Jieyu Zhao , Sunipa Dev , Kai-Wei Chang

Memes represent a tightly coupled, multimodal form of social expression, in which visual context and overlaid text jointly convey nuanced affect and commentary. Inspired by cognitive reappraisal in psychology, we introduce Meme Reappraisal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yiqi Nie , Fei Wang , Junjie Chen , Kun Li , Yudi Cai , Dan Guo , Chenglong Li , Meng Wang

Large language models (LM) generate remarkably fluent text and can be efficiently adapted across NLP tasks. Measuring and guaranteeing the quality of generated text in terms of safety is imperative for deploying LMs in the real world; to…

Deep learning methods are often difficult to apply in the legal domain due to the large amount of labeled data required by deep learning methods. A recent new trend in the deep learning community is the application of multi-task models that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Ahmed Elnaggar , Bernhard Waltl , Ingo Glaser , Jörg Landthaler , Elena Scepankova , Florian Matthes

Toxic language includes content that is offensive, abusive, or that promotes harm. Progress in preventing toxic output from large language models (LLMs) is hampered by inconsistent definitions of toxicity. We introduce TRuST, a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Berk Atil , Namrata Sureddy , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Image memes and specifically their widely-known variation image macros, is a special new media type that combines text with images and is used in social media to playfully or subtly express humour, irony, sarcasm and even hate. It is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Christos Koutlis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

Toxicity annotators and content moderators often default to mental shortcuts when making decisions. This can lead to subtle toxicity being missed, and seemingly toxic but harmless content being over-detected. We introduce BiasX, a framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Yiming Zhang , Sravani Nanduri , Liwei Jiang , Tongshuang Wu , Maarten Sap