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The Sun is the primary source of energy for Earth and one of the main external drivers of its climate. Solar irradiance -- the radiative power emitted by the Sun and received at 1-AU -- varies on all observable timescales. It is measured as…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-22 D. Temaj , N. A. Krivova , T. Chatzistergos , S. K. Solanki , B. Hofer

Accurate information on long-term variations in solar irradiance, important for understanding the solar influence on Earth's climate, cannot be derived from direct irradiance measurements due to the comparatively short lifetimes of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-23 Theodosios Chatzistergos , Natalie A. Krivova , Sami K. Solanki , Kok Leng Yeo

Solar irradiance measurements are limited to the last few decades, requiring reconstructions to assess solar variability on longer timescales and its impact on Earth's climate. We present the first physics-based reconstruction of total…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-22 D. Temaj , N. A. Krivova , S. K. Solanki , I. G. Usoskin , T. Chatzistergos

Changes in solar irradiance and in its spectral distribution are among the main natural drivers of the climate on Earth. However, irradiance measurements are only available for less than four decades, while assessment of solar influence on…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-11-09 C. -J. Wu , N. A. Krivova , S. K. Solanki , I. G. Usoskin

Solar irradiance variations across various timescales, from minutes to centuries, represents a potential natural driver of past regional and global climate cold phases. To accurately assess the Sun's effect on climate, particularly during…

Total and spectral solar irradiance are key parameters in the assessment of solar influence on changes in the Earth's climate. We present a reconstruction of daily solar irradiance obtained using the SATIRE-S model spanning 1974 to 2013…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-07-07 K. L. Yeo , N. A. Krivova , S. K. Solanki , K. H. Glassmeier

Since the late 1970s, successive satellite missions have been monitoring the sun's activity and recording the total solar irradiance (TSI). Some of these measurements have lasted for more than a decade. In order to obtain a seamless record…

Context: The study of variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) is important for understanding how the Sun affects the Earth's climate. Aims: Full-disk continuum images and magnetograms are now available for three full solar cycles. We…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 W. T. Ball , Y. C. Unruh , N. A. Krivova , S. Solanki , T. Wenzler , D. J. Mortlock , A. H. Jaffe

We present a reconstruction of the spectral solar irradiance since 1700 using the SATIRE-T2 (Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstructions for the Telescope era version 2) model. This model uses as input magnetograms simulated with a…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-05-25 M. Dasi-Espuig , J. Jiang , N. A. Krivova , S. K. Solanki , Y. C. Unruh , K. L. Yeo

We present a new model of total solar irradiance (TSI) based on magnetograms simulated with a surface flux transport model (SFTM) and the SATIRE (Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstructions) model. Our model provides daily maps of the…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-15 M. Dasi-Espuig , J. Jiang , N. A. Krivova , S. K. Solanki

Solar surface magnetic field seems to be able to explain variations in Total Solar Irradiance on timescales from hours to decades. Using magnetograms from spacecraft (MDI and HMI) and ground-based observatories (MWO and WSO) I build a…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-24 Leif Svalgaard

The variation of total solar irradiance (TSI) has been measured since 1978 and that of the spectral irradiance for an even shorter amount of time. Semi-empirical models are now available that reproduce over 80% of the measured irradiance…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2013-03-11 N. A. Krivova , S. K. Solanki , Y. C. Unruh

The total solar irradiance (TSI) varies on timescales of minute to centuries. On short timescales it varies due to the superposition of intensity fluctuations produced by turbulent convection and acoustic oscillations. On longer scale…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-12 V. Penza , F. Berrilli , L. Bertello , M. Cantoresi , S. Criscuoli , P. Giobbi

Knowledge of solar irradiance variability is critical to Earth's climate models and understanding the solar influence on Earth's climate. Direct solar irradiance measurements are only available since 1978. Reconstructions of past…

The lack of long and reliable time series of solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements makes an accurate quantification of solar contributions to recent climate change difficult. Whereas earlier SSI observations and models provided a…

The Earth's primary source of energy is the radiant energy generated by the Sun, which is referred to as solar irradiance, or total solar irradiance (TSI) when all of the radiation is measured. A minor change in the solar irradiance can…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-26 Yasser Abduallah , Jason T. L. Wang , Yucong Shen , Khalid A. Alobaid , Serena Criscuoli , Haimin Wang

Aims: We investigate how well modeled solar irradiances agree with measurements from the SORCE satellite, both for total solar irradiance and broken down into spectral regions on timescales of several years. Methods: We use the SATIRE model…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Will T. Ball , Yvonne C. Unruh , Natalie A. Krivova , Sami Solanki , Jerald W. Harder

We propose a novel methodology for forecasting spatio-temporal data using supervised semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (SSNMF) with frequency regularization. Matrix factorization is employed to decompose spatio-temporal data into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-21 Keunsu Kim , Hanbaek Lyu , Jinsu Kim , Jae-Hun Jung

We present a revised and extended total and spectral solar irradiance (SSI) reconstruction, which includes a wavelength-dependent uncertainty estimate, spanning the last three solar cycles using the SATIRE-S model. The SSI reconstruction…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 William T. Ball , Natalie A. Krivova , Yvonne C. Unruh , Joanna D. Haigh , Sami K. Solanki

Accurate surface solar irradiance (SSI) forecasting is essential for optimizing renewable energy systems, particularly in the context of long-term energy planning on a global scale. This paper presents a pioneering approach to solar…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-11-14 Alberto Carpentieri , Jussi Leinonen , Jeff Adie , Boris Bonev , Doris Folini , Farah Hariri
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