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The experimental realization of increasingly complex quantum states underscores the pressing need for new methods of state learning and verification. In one such framework, quantum state tomography, the aim is to learn the full quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Antonio Anna Mele , Yaroslav Herasymenko

Quantum state preparation is a fundamental component of quantum algorithms, particularly in quantum machine learning and data processing, where classical data must be encoded efficiently into quantum states. Existing amplitude encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Carsten Blank , Israel F. Araujo

Sparse quantum state preparation is a common subroutine in quantum algorithms, where classical data with few nonzero entries must be loaded into a quantum state. In this work, we consider the Grover-Rudolph algorithm, which has recently…

We present a recurrent neural network-based approach for ground state preparation utilizing mid-circuit measurement and feedback. Unlike previous methods that use machine learning solely as an optimizer, our approach dynamically adjusts…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Chuanxin Wang , Yi-Zhuang You

We present several improvements to the recently developed ground state preparation algorithm based on the Quantum Eigenvalue Transformation for Unitary Matrices (QETU), apply this algorithm to a lattice formulation of U(1) gauge theory in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-22 Christopher F. Kane , Niladri Gomes , Michael Kreshchuk

Quantum state preparation plays an equally important role with quantum operations and measurements in quantum information processing. The previous methods of preparing initial state for bulk quantum computation all have inevitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-27 Tao Xin , Liang Hao , Shi-Yao Hou , Guan-Ru Feng , Gui-Lu Long

Quantum state preparation is a fundamental primitive in quantum algorithms for encoding classical data into quantum amplitudes. We compare the cost of preparing general $n$-qubit states with real amplitudes using two common paradigms:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Diyi Liu , Hanyu Wang , Shuchen Zhu , Jason Cong , Wibe A. de Jong , Di Fang , Zhen Huang , Costin Iancu , Chao Yang

The quantum simulation of real molecules and materials is one of the most highly anticipated applications of quantum computing. Algorithms for simulating electronic structure using a first-quantized plane wave representation are especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 William J. Huggins , Oskar Leimkuhler , Torin F. Stetina , K. Birgitta Whaley

We detail a quantum circuit capable of efficiently encoding analytical approximations to gravitational wave signal waveforms of compact binary coalescences into the amplitudes of quantum bits using both quantum arithmetic operations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-21 Fergus Hayes , Sarah Croke , Chris Messenger , Fiona Speirits

We propose a novel deterministic method for preparing arbitrary quantum states. When our protocol is compiled into CNOT and arbitrary single-qubit gates, it prepares an $N$-dimensional state in depth $O(\log(N))$ and spacetime allocation (a…

For the preparation of high-dimensional functions on quantum computers, we introduce tensor network algorithms that are efficient with regard to dimensionality, optimize circuits composed of hardware-native gates and take gate errors into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Marco Ballarin , Juan José García-Ripoll , David Hayes , Michael Lubasch

Quantum state preparation (QSP) is a fundamental task in quantum computing and quantum information processing. It is critical to the execution of many quantum algorithms, including those in quantum machine learning. In this paper, we…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Xin Hong , Aochu Dai , Chenjian Li , Sanjiang Li , Shenggang Ying , Mingsheng Ying

State preparation is a necessary component of many quantum algorithms. In this work, we combine a method for efficiently representing smooth differentiable probability distributions using matrix product states with recently discovered…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-19 Jason Iaconis , Sonika Johri , Elton Yechao Zhu

We initiate the study of state complexity for continuous-variable quantum systems. Concretely, we consider a setup with bosonic modes and auxiliary qubits, where available operations include Gaussian one- and two-mode operations, single-…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-06 Lukas Brenner , Libor Caha , Xavier Coiteux-Roy , Robert Koenig

We discuss how to build some partially entangled states of $n$ two-state quantum systems (qubits). The optimal partially entangled state with a high degree of symmetry is considered to be useful for overcoming a shot noise limit of Ramsey…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Hiroo Azuma

The initialization of quantum states or Quantum State Preparation (QSP) is a basic subroutine in quantum algorithms. In the worst case, general QSP algorithms are expensive due to the application of multi-controlled gates required to build…

Quantum state preparation is an important subroutine in many quantum algorithms. The goal is to encode classical information directly to the quantum state so that it is possible to leverage quantum algorithms for data processing. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Oskari Kerppo , William Steadman , Ossi Niemimäki , Valtteri Lahtinen

Quantum computing is believed to be particularly useful for the simulation of chemistry and materials, among the various applications. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the development of near-term quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Guoming Wang , Sukin Sim , Peter D. Johnson

We present an efficient quantum algorithm for preparing a pure state on a quantum computer, where the quantum state corresponds to that of a molecular system with a given number $m$ of electrons occupying a given number $n$ of spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-05-01 Hefeng Wang , S. Ashhab , Franco Nori

The efficient preparation of quantum states is an important step in the execution of many quantum algorithms. In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing era, this is a significant challenge given quantum resources are scarce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-23 Floyd M. Creevey , Charles D. Hill , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg