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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used by software engineers for code generation. However, limitations of LLMs such as irrelevant or incorrect code have highlighted the need for prompt programming (or prompt engineering) where…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Ranim Khojah , Francisco Gomes de Oliveira Neto , Mazen Mohamad , Philipp Leitner

Recent work has considered whether large language models (LLMs) can function as planners: given a task, generate a plan. We investigate whether LLMs can serve as generalized planners: given a domain and training tasks, generate a program…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Tom Silver , Soham Dan , Kavitha Srinivas , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Leslie Pack Kaelbling , Michael Katz

For the past six years, researchers in genetic programming and other program synthesis disciplines have used the General Program Synthesis Benchmark Suite to benchmark many aspects of automatic program synthesis systems. These problems have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Thomas Helmuth , Peter Kelly

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4o can help automate text classification tasks at low cost and scale. However, there are major concerns about the validity and reliability of LLM outputs. By contrast, human coding is generally more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Conrad Borchers , Danielle R. Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Ralph Abboud , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-3 and GPT-4, have demonstrated exceptional performance in various natural language processing tasks and have shown the ability to solve certain reasoning problems. However, their reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Adam Ishay , Zhun Yang , Joohyung Lee

GitHub Copilot, an extension for the Visual Studio Code development environment powered by the large-scale language model Codex, makes automatic program synthesis available for software developers. This model has been extensively studied in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Dominik Sobania , Martin Briesch , Franz Rothlauf

The sudden emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has had a disruptive impact throughout the computing education community. LLMs have been shown to excel at producing correct code to CS1 and CS2 problems, and can even act…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Eddie Antonio Santos , Brett A. Becker

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly capable and prevalent, and can be used to produce creative content. The quality of content is influenced by the prompt used, with more specific prompts that incorporate examples generally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Samuel Rhys Cox , Ashraf Abdul , Wei Tsang Ooi

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating synthetic data, but ensuring its quality and diversity remains challenging. We propose Genetic Prompt, a novel framework that combines genetic algorithms with LLMs to augment synthetic data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Guangzeng Han , Weisi Liu , Xiaolei Huang

There is a great need for data in computing education research. Data is needed to understand how students behave, to train models of student behavior to optimally support students, and to develop and validate new assessment tools and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Olli Kiljunen , Stephen MacNeil , Sami Sarsa , Arto Hellas

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate capabilities in code generation, potentially boosting developer productivity. However, their adoption remains limited by high computational costs, among other factors. Small Language Models (SLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Débora Souza , Rohit Gheyi , Lucas Albuquerque , Gustavo Soares , Márcio Ribeiro

Large language and multimodal models have shown remarkable success on various benchmarks focused on specific skills such as general-purpose programming, math word problem-solving, and visual question answering. However, it is unclear how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chao Wen , Jacqueline Staub , Adish Singla

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a major step toward artificial general intelligence, significantly advancing our ability to interact with technology. While LLMs perform well on Natural Language Processing tasks -- such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Brandon Smith , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Tahsin Alamgir Kheya , Phillip Dawson , Sunil Aryal

Following the widespread adoption of ChatGPT in early 2023, numerous studies reported that large language models (LLMs) can match or even surpass human performance in creative tasks. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs have become more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Jennifer Haase , Paul H. P. Hanel , Sebastian Pokutta

How do LLMs compare with symbolic tools on program synthesis tasks? We investigate this question on several synthesis domains: LTL reactive synthesis, syntax-guided synthesis, distributed protocol synthesis, and recursive function…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Derek Egolf , Yuhao Zhou , Stavros Tripakis

As large language models (LLMs) become more common in educational tools and programming environments, questions arise about how these systems should interact with users. This study investigates how different interaction styles with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Kai Deng

Large Language Models (LLM) show strong abilities in code generation, but their skill in creating efficient parallel programs is less studied. This paper explores how LLMs generate task-based parallel code from three kinds of input prompts:…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Linus Bantel , Moritz Strack , Alexander Strack , Dirk Pflüger

This paper studies recent developments in large language models' (LLM) abilities to pass assessments in introductory and intermediate Python programming courses at the postsecondary level. The emergence of ChatGPT resulted in heated debates…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Jaromir Savelka , Arav Agarwal , Marshall An , Chris Bogart , Majd Sakr

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation in data science offers substantial potential for enhancing tasks such as data manipulation, statistical analysis, and visualization. However, the effectiveness of these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Nathalia Nascimento , Everton Guimaraes , Sai Sanjna Chintakunta , Santhosh Anitha Boominathan

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4o can handle a wide range of complex tasks with the right prompt. As per token costs are reduced, the advantages of fine-tuning Small Language Models (SLMs) for real-world applications -- faster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Orlando Marquez Ayala , Patrice Bechard , Emily Chen , Maggie Baird , Jingfei Chen