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This paper argues that interpretability research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally ill-posed as existing definitions of interpretability fail to describe how interpretability can be formally tested or designed for. We posit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Pietro Barbiero , Mateo Espinosa Zarlenga , Francesco Giannini , Alberto Termine , Filippo Bonchi , Mateja Jamnik , Giuseppe Marra

Computability on uncountable sets has no standard formalization, unlike that on countable sets, which is given by Turing machines. Some of the approaches to define computability in these sets rely on order-theoretic structures to translate…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-11-20 Pedro Hack , Daniel A. Braun , Sebastian Gottwald

I shall argue that a resolution of the PvNP problem requires building an iff bridge between the domain of provability and that of computability. The former concerns how a human intelligence decides the truth of number-theoretic relations,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2010-06-23 Bhupinder Singh Anand

This paper presents new constructions of models of Hume's Principle and Basic Law V with restricted amounts of comprehension. The techniques used in these constructions are drawn from hyperarithmetic theory and the model theory of fields,…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-07-03 Sean Walsh

Contrastive explanations clarify why an event occurred in contrast to another. They are more inherently intuitive to humans to both produce and comprehend. We propose a methodology to produce contrastive explanations for classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Alon Jacovi , Swabha Swayamdipta , Shauli Ravfogel , Yanai Elazar , Yejin Choi , Yoav Goldberg

Simpson showed that every countable model $\mathcal{M} \models \mathsf{PA}$ has an expansion $(\mathcal{M}, X) \models \mathsf{PA}^*$ that is pointwise definable. A natural question is whether, in general, one can obtain expansions of a…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Athar Abdul-Quader

Concept-based explanations have emerged as a popular way of extracting human-interpretable representations from deep discriminative models. At the same time, the disentanglement learning literature has focused on extracting similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Dmitry Kazhdan , Botty Dimanov , Helena Andres Terre , Mateja Jamnik , Pietro Liò , Adrian Weller

Understanding the predictions made by deep learning models remains a central challenge, especially in high-stakes applications. A promising approach is to equip models with the ability to answer counterfactual questions -- hypothetical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Inwoo Hwang , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

The predicate complementary to the well-known Godel's provability predicate is defined. From its recursiveness new consequences concerning the incompleteness argumentation are drawn and extended to new results of consistency, completeness…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Paola Cattabriga

Counterfactuals have become an important area of interdisciplinary interest, especially in logic, philosophy of language, epistemology, metaphysics, psychology, decision theory, and even artificial intelligence. In this study, we propose a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Nicholas Kluge Corrêa , Nythamar Fernandes De Oliveira

We consider a new kind of interpretation over relational structures: finite sets interpretations. Those interpretations are defined by weak monadic second-order (WMSO) formulas with free set variables. They transform a given structure into…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Thomas Colcombet , Christof Löding

Concept-based interpretability methods aim to explain deep neural network model predictions using a predefined set of semantic concepts. These methods evaluate a trained model on a new, "probe" dataset and correlate model predictions with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Vikram V. Ramaswamy , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Ruth Fong , Olga Russakovsky

SAT is not in P, is true and provable in a simply consistent extension B' of a first order theory B of computing, with a single finite axiom characterizing a universal Turing machine. Therefore, P is not equal to NP, is true and provable in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-07-13 Sten-Ake Tarnlund

We investigate the extent of second order characterizable structures by extending Shelah's Main Gap dichotomy to second order logic. For this end we consider a countable complete first order theory T. We show that all sufficiently large…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-08-28 Tapani Hyttinen , Kaisa Kangas , Jouko Väänänen

This is the first paper in a series in which we lay down the foundations of the theory of interpretations. We systematically study different types of interpretations and their properties. Some of these interpretations are known, while…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-11-19 Evelina Daniyarova , Alexei Myasnikov

The Bodirsky-Pinsker conjecture asserts a P vs. NP-complete dichotomy for the computational complexity of Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) of first-order reducts of finitely bounded homogeneous structures. Prominently, two structures…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Roman Feller , Michael Pinsker

We introduce a proof-theoretic approach to showing nondefinability of second-order intuitionistic connectives by quantifier-free schemata. We apply the method to prove that Taranovsky's "realizability disjunction" connective does not admit…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-01-31 Zoltan A. Kocsis

We introduce the notions of triviality and order-triviality for global invariant types in an arbitrary first-order theory and show that they are well behaved in the NIP context. We show that these two notions agree for invariant global…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-02-24 Slavko Moconja , Predrag Tanović

Turing's famous 'machine' framework provides an intuitively clear conception of 'computing with real numbers'. A recursive counterexample to a theorem shows that the theorem does not hold when restricted to computable objects. These…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Sam Sanders

We introduce a first-order theory $\mathsf{Seq}$ which is mutually interpretable with Robinson's $\mathsf{Q}$. The universe of a standard model for $\mathsf{Seq}$ consists of sequences. We prove that $\mathsf{Seq}$ directly interprets the…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-02-23 Lars Kristiansen , Juvenal Murwanashyaka