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The rapid development of open-source large language models (LLMs) has been truly remarkable. However, the scaling law described in previous literature presents varying conclusions, which casts a dark cloud over scaling LLMs. We delve into…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn widespread attention and research due to their astounding performance in text generation and reasoning tasks. Derivative products, like ChatGPT, have been extensively deployed and highly sought after.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Zibin Zheng , Kaiwen Ning , Qingyuan Zhong , Jiachi Chen , Wenqing Chen , Lianghong Guo , Weicheng Wang , Yanlin Wang

This research delved into GPT-4 and Kimi, two Large Language Models (LLMs), for systematic reviews. We evaluated their performance by comparing LLM-generated codes with human-generated codes from a peer-reviewed systematic review on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Dandan Chen Kaptur , Yue Huang , Xuejun Ryan Ji , Yanhui Guo , Bradley Kaptur

This systematic literature review examines the role of large language models (LLMs) in UI/UX design, synthesizing findings from 38 peer-reviewed studies published between 2022 and 2025. We identify key LLMs in use, including GPT-4, Gemini,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Ammar Ahmed , Ali Shariq Imran

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for analytical tasks, yet their effectiveness in real-world applications remains underexamined, partly due to the opacity of proprietary models. We evaluate ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Jonas Oppenlaender , Joonas Hämäläinen

What is the fastest Artificial Intelligence Large Language Model (AI LLM) for generating quantum operations? To answer this, we present the first benchmarking study comparing popular and publicly available AI models tasked with creating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Dayton C. Closser , Zbigniew J. Kabala

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the realm of mathematical reasoning necessitates comprehensive evaluations to gauge progress and inspire future directions. Existing assessments predominantly focus on problem-solving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xiaoyuan Li , Wenjie Wang , Moxin Li , Junrong Guo , Yang Zhang , Fuli Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn a lot of attention due to their strong performance on a wide range of natural language tasks, since the release of ChatGPT in November 2022. LLMs' ability of general-purpose language understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shervin Minaee , Tomas Mikolov , Narjes Nikzad , Meysam Chenaghlu , Richard Socher , Xavier Amatriain , Jianfeng Gao

Upon its release in late 2022, ChatGPT has brought a seismic shift in the entire landscape of AI, both in research and commerce. Through instruction-tuning a large language model (LLM) with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Hailin Chen , Fangkai Jiao , Xingxuan Li , Chengwei Qin , Mathieu Ravaut , Ruochen Zhao , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancements have enabled the development of Large Language Models (LLMs) that can perform a variety of tasks with remarkable semantic understanding and accuracy. ChatGPT is one such LLM that has gained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-02 M. Mehdi Kholoosi , M. Ali Babar , Roland Croft

Following the widespread adoption of ChatGPT in early 2023, numerous studies reported that large language models (LLMs) can match or even surpass human performance in creative tasks. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs have become more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Jennifer Haase , Paul H. P. Hanel , Sebastian Pokutta

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents a significant challenge to academic integrity within computing education. As educators seek reliable detection methods, this paper evaluates the capacity of three prominent LLMs…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Christopher Burger , Karmece Talley , Christina Trotter

We introduce a novel and extensible benchmark for large language models (LLMs) through grid-based games such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Connect Four, and Gomoku. The open-source game simulation code, available on GitHub, allows LLMs to compete and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Oguzhan Topsakal , Colby Jacob Edell , Jackson Bailey Harper

The rapid rise of Language Models (LMs) has expanded their use in several applications. Yet, due to constraints of model size, associated cost, or proprietary restrictions, utilizing state-of-the-art (SOTA) LLMs is not always feasible. With…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Neelabh Sinha , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha

Code smells are symptoms of potential code quality problems that may affect software maintainability, thus increasing development costs and impacting software reliability. Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Saymon Souza , Amanda Santana , Eduardo Figueiredo , Igor Muzetti , João Eduardo Montandon , Lionel Briand

Evaluating reasoning ability in Large Language Models (LLMs) is important for advancing artificial intelligence, as it transcends mere linguistic task performance. It involves understanding whether these models truly understand information,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Benjamin Grando Moreira

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT can produce coherent, cohesive, relevant, and fluent answers for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Taking document-level machine translation (MT) as a testbed, this paper provides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Longyue Wang , Chenyang Lyu , Tianbo Ji , Zhirui Zhang , Dian Yu , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Recently, the large language models (LLMs) have shown extraordinary ability in understanding natural language and generating programming code. It has been a common practice of software engineers to consult LLMs when encountering coding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Li Zhong , Zilong Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have undergone rapid evolution and achieved remarkable results in recent times. OpenAI's ChatGPT, backed by GPT-3.5 or GPT-4, has gained instant popularity due to its strong capability across a wide range of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Fangzhou Wu , Qingzhao Zhang , Ati Priya Bajaj , Tiffany Bao , Ning Zhang , Ruoyu "Fish" Wang , Chaowei Xiao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promise in medical knowledge assessments, yet their practical utility in real-world clinical decision-making remains underexplored. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mengdi Chai , Ali R. Zomorrodi