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Automatic prompt optimization frameworks are developed to obtain suitable prompts for large language models (LLMs) with respect to desired output quality metrics. Although existing approaches can handle conventional tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Chun-Pai Yang , Kan Zheng , Shou-De Lin

Large language models (LLMs) offer substantial promise for text classification in political science, yet their effectiveness often depends on high-quality prompts and exemplars. To address this, we introduce a three-stage framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Menglin Liu , Ge Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. We propose a reinforcement-learning-based framework that models prompt refinement as a sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled near-human performance on software coding benchmarks, but their effectiveness in RTL code generation remains limited due to the scarcity of high-quality training data. While prior…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Chenhui Deng , Yun-Da Tsai , Guan-Ting Liu , Zhongzhi Yu , Haoxing Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in code generation tasks under idealized conditions, where task descriptions are clear and precise. However, in practice, task descriptions frequently exhibit ambiguity,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maya Larbi , Amal Akli , Mike Papadakis , Rihab Bouyousfi , Maxime Cordy , Federica Sarro , Yves Le Traon

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation, where the natural language prompt plays a crucial role in conveying user intent to the model. However, prior studies have shown that LLMs are highly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Kerui Huang , Xiaohu Yang , David Lo , Xin Xia

Streaming services have reshaped how we discover and engage with digital entertainment. Despite these advancements, effectively understanding the wide spectrum of user search queries continues to pose a significant challenge. An accurate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Farnoosh Javadi , Phanideep Gampa , Alyssa Woo , Xingxing Geng , Hang Zhang , Jose Sepulveda , Belhassen Bayar , Fei Wang

This paper investigates how prompt engineering techniques impact both accuracy and confidence elicitation in Large Language Models (LLMs) applied to medical contexts. Using a stratified dataset of Persian board exam questions across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nariman Naderi , Zahra Atf , Peter R Lewis , Aref Mahjoub far , Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini , Ali Soroush

Word sense plausibility rating requires predicting the human-perceived plausibility of a given word sense on a 1-5 scale in the context of short narrative stories containing ambiguous homonyms. This paper systematically compares three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tong Wu , Thanet Markchom , Huizhi Liang

LLMs have become the go-to choice for code generation tasks, with an exponential increase in the training, development, and usage of LLMs specifically for code generation. To evaluate the ability of LLMs on code, both academic and industry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Chunqiu Steven Xia , Yinlin Deng , Lingming Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in automating software engineering tasks, particularly in code generation. However, current evaluation benchmarks, which primarily focus on accuracy, fall short in assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Alejandro Velasco , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Luftar Rahman Alif , David N. Palacio , Denys Poshyvanyk

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in both industry and academia for various tasks, yet evaluating the consistency of generated text responses continues to be a challenge. Traditional metrics like ROUGE and BLEU show a weak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 P Aditya Sreekar , Sahil Verma , Suransh Chopra , Sarik Ghazarian , Abhishek Persad , Narayanan Sadagopan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown prominent performance in various downstream tasks and prompt engineering plays a pivotal role in optimizing LLMs' performance. This paper, not only as an overview of current prompt engineering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Haochen Li , Jonathan Leung , Zhiqi Shen

Large language models (LLMs) enable strong text generation, and in general there is a practical tradeoff between fine-tuning and prompt engineering. We introduce Simplify-This, a comparative study evaluating both paradigms for text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Eilam Cohen , Itamar Bul , Danielle Inbar , Omri Loewenbach

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be tasked with scoring texts according to pre-defined criteria and on a defined scale, but there is no recognised optimal prompting strategy for this. This article focuses on the task of LLMs scoring journal…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mike Thelwall

As large language models (LLMs) continue to improve and see further integration into software systems, so does the need to understand the conditions in which they will perform. We contribute a statistical framework for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Andrew Lauziere , Jonathan Daugherty , Taisa Kushner

Large Language Models (LLMs) like Codex are powerful tools for performing code completion and code generation tasks as they are trained on billions of lines of code from publicly available sources. Moreover, these models are capable of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Catherine Tony , Markus Mutas , Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra , Riccardo Scandariato

Instruction tuning large language models (LLMs) remains a challenging task, owing to the complexity of hyperparameter selection and the difficulty involved in evaluating the tuned models. To determine the optimal hyperparameters, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yidong Wang , Zhuohao Yu , Zhengran Zeng , Linyi Yang , Cunxiang Wang , Hao Chen , Chaoya Jiang , Rui Xie , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang , Yue Zhang

Code generation, the task of producing source code from prompts, has seen significant advancements with the advent of pre-trained large language models (PLMs). Despite these achievements, there lacks a comprehensive taxonomy of weaknesses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Xiaoli Lian , Shuaisong Wang , Jieping Ma , Fang Liu , Xin Tan , Li Zhang , Lin Shi , Cuiyun Gao

Instruction-tuned Language Models (ILMs) have become essential components of modern AI systems, demonstrating exceptional versatility across natural language and reasoning tasks. Among their most impactful applications is code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Zaiyu Cheng , Antonio Mastropaolo
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