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Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as reference-free evaluators via prompting, but this "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm is costly, opaque, and sensitive to prompt design. In this work, we investigate whether smaller models can serve as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Zhuochun Li , Yong Zhang , Ming Li , Yuelyu Ji , Yiming Zeng , Ning Cheng , Yun Zhu , Yanmeng Wang , Shaojun Wang , Jing Xiao , Daqing He

Automatic evaluation by large language models (LLMs) is a prominent topic today; however, judgment and evaluation tasks are often subjective and influenced by various factors, making adaptation challenging. While many studies demonstrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Javad Seraj , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajeri , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi

Assessment and evaluation have long been critical challenges in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional methods, usually matching-based or small model-based, often fall short in open-ended and dynamic…

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to automate SE tasks such as code generation and summarization. However, evaluating the quality of LLM-generated software artifacts remains challenging. Human evaluation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Junda He , Jieke Shi , Terry Yue Zhuo , Christoph Treude , Jiamou Sun , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaoning Du , David Lo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated evaluators of AI systems, including in high-stakes applications. In this role, LLMs are used to generate judgments about the quality, appropriateness, or even safety of model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jane Paik Kim

LLM-as-a-judge models have been used for evaluating both human and AI generated content, specifically by providing scores and rationales. Rationales, in addition to increasing transparency, help models learn to calibrate its judgments.…

Extractive reading comprehension question answering (QA) datasets are typically evaluated using Exact Match (EM) and F1-score, but these metrics often fail to fully capture model performance. With the success of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Xanh Ho , Jiahao Huang , Florian Boudin , Akiko Aizawa

Using language models to scalably approximate human preferences on text quality (LLM-as-a-judge) has become a standard practice applicable to many tasks. A judgment is often extracted from the judge's textual output alone, typically with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Victor Wang , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Eunsol Choi

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven their expanding application across various fields. One of the most promising applications is their role as evaluators based on natural language responses, referred to as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Haitao Li , Qian Dong , Junjie Chen , Huixue Su , Yujia Zhou , Qingyao Ai , Ziyi Ye , Yiqun Liu

Using Large Language Models (LLMs) for relevance assessments offers promising opportunities to improve Information Retrieval (IR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and related fields. Indeed, LLMs hold the promise of allowing IR…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in biomedical relation extraction, even in zero-shot scenarios. However, evaluating LLMs in this task remains challenging due to their ability to generate human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Israt Jahan , Elham Dolatabadi , Chun Peng , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Huang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has proven its effectiveness in alleviating hallucinations for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing automated evaluation metrics cannot fairly evaluate the outputs generated by RAG models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuliang Liu , Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Cheng Yang , Zheni Zeng , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Ge Yu

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving fast and are now frequently used as evaluators, in a process typically referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, which provides quality assessments of model outputs. However, recent research points out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hugo Silva , Mateus Mendes , Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering (SE) has revolutionized tasks like code generation, producing a massive volume of software artifacts. This surge has exposed a critical bottleneck: the lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Junda He , Jieke Shi , Terry Yue Zhuo , Christoph Treude , Jiamou Sun , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaoning Du , David Lo

LLM-as-a-Judge has revolutionized AI evaluation by leveraging large language models for scalable assessments. However, as evaluands become increasingly complex, specialized, and multi-step, the reliability of LLM-as-a-Judge has become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Runyang You , Hongru Cai , Caiqi Zhang , Qiancheng Xu , Meng Liu , Tiezheng Yu , Yongqi Li , Wenjie Li

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) on language modeling and emergent capabilities make them a promising reference-free evaluator of natural language generation quality, and a competent alternative to human evaluation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yuxuan Liu , Tianchi Yang , Shaohan Huang , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Furu Wei , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been deployed to tackle various software engineering (SE) tasks like code generation, significantly advancing the automation of SE tasks. However, assessing the quality of these LLM-generated code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ruiqi Wang , Jiyu Guo , Cuiyun Gao , Guodong Fan , Chun Yong Chong , Xin Xia

Reliable evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is critical as their deployment rapidly expands, particularly in high-stakes domains such as business and finance. The LLM-as-a-Judge framework, which uses prompted LLMs to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Varshini Reddy , Seth Ebner , Chris Tanner

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integral to information retrieval (IR), powering ranking, evaluation, and AI-assisted content creation. This widespread adoption necessitates a critical examination of potential biases arising…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Krisztian Balog , Donald Metzler , Zhen Qin

Given the rapid progress of generative AI, there is a pressing need to systematically compare and choose between the numerous models and configurations available. The scale and versatility of such evaluations make the use of LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Ariel Gera , Odellia Boni , Yotam Perlitz , Roy Bar-Haim , Lilach Eden , Asaf Yehudai