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Training tool-calling agents with reinforcement learning on multi-turn tasks remains challenging due to sparse outcome rewards and difficult credit assignment across conversation turns. We present the first application of MT-GRPO…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Wachiravit Modecrua , Krittanon Kaewtawee , Krittin Pachtrachai , Touchapon Kraisingkorn

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-23 Asim H. Gazi , Yongyi Guo , Daiqi Gao , Ziping Xu , Kelly W. Zhang , Susan A. Murphy

Reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models is an energy-intensive endeavor: training can be unstable, and the policy may gradually drift away from its pretrained weights. We present \emph{RLEP}\, -- \,Reinforcement Learning with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Hongzhi Zhang , Jia Fu , Jingyuan Zhang , Kai Fu , Qi Wang , Fuzheng Zhang , Guorui Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework to optimize a control policy using rewards that are revealed by the system as a response to a control action. In its standard form, RL involves a single agent that uses its policy to accomplish a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Juan Cervino , Juan Andres Bazerque , Miguel Calvo-Fullana , Alejandro Ribeiro

Vision-language model (VLM) based GUI agents show promise for automating complex desktop and mobile tasks, but face significant challenges in applying reinforcement learning (RL): (1) slow multi-turn interactions with GUI environments for…

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been widely adopted as the de facto method for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models and has demonstrated notable success in verifiable domains like math and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jeff Da , Clinton Wang , Xiang Deng , Yuntao Ma , Nikhil Barhate , Sean Hendryx

Recent studies have uncovered the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in addressing complex sequential decision-making tasks through the provision of high-level instructions. However, LLM-based agents lack specialization in tackling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zihao Zhou , Bin Hu , Chenyang Zhao , Pu Zhang , Bin Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been used in a range of simulated real-world tasks, e.g., sensor coordination, traffic light control, and on-demand mobility services. However, real world deployments are rare, as RL struggles with dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Alberto Castagna , Ivana Dusparic

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents capabilities of…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in knowledge acquisition, reasoning, and tool use, making them promising candidates for autonomous agent applications. However, training LLM agents for complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hanjiang Hu , Changliu Liu , Na Li , Yebin Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a classical tool to solve network control or policy optimization problems in unknown environments. The original Q-learning suffers from performance and complexity challenges across very large networks. Herein,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Talha Bozkus , Urbashi Mitra

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in building generalist agents that can learn through online interactions. However, applying reinforcement learning (RL) to train LLM agents in multi-turn,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanchen Zhang , Xiao Liu , Bowen Lv , Xueqiao Sun , Bohao Jing , Iat Long Iong , Zhenyu Hou , Zehan Qi , Hanyu Lai , Yifan Xu , Rui Lu , Hongning Wang , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an appealing paradigm for training intelligent agents, enabling policy acquisition from the agent's own autonomously acquired experience. However, the training process of RL is far from automatic, requiring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zhao Yang , Thomas M. Moerland , Mike Preuss , Aske Plaat , Edward S. Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to interact with external environments (e.g., games, compilers, APIs) as goal-driven agents. However, it remains challenging for these language agents to quickly and efficiently learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Noah Shinn , Federico Cassano , Edward Berman , Ashwin Gopinath , Karthik Narasimhan , Shunyu Yao

Recent studies have shown that reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective approach for improving the performance of neural machine translation (NMT) system. However, due to its instability, successfully RL training is challenging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-28 Lijun Wu , Fei Tian , Tao Qin , Jianhuang Lai , Tie-Yan Liu

Robust reinforcement learning (RRL) aims at seeking a robust policy to optimize the worst case performance over an uncertainty set of Markov decision processes (MDPs). This set contains some perturbed MDPs from a nominal MDP (N-MDP) that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Ukjo Hwang , Songnam Hong

We introduce SkyRL-Agent, a framework for efficient, multi-turn, long-horizon agent training and evaluation. It provides efficient asynchronous dispatching, lightweight tool integration, and flexible backend interoperability, enabling…

Safe and efficient autonomous driving maneuvers in an interactive and complex environment can be considerably challenging due to the unpredictable actions of other surrounding agents that may be cooperative or adversarial in their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Pin Wang , Ching-Yao Chan , Hanhan Li

Interactive digital agents (IDAs) leverage APIs of stateful digital environments to perform tasks in response to user requests. While IDAs powered by instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) can react to feedback from interface…