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Social media platforms struggle to protect users from harmful content through content moderation. These platforms have recently leveraged machine learning models to cope with the vast amount of user-generated content daily. Since moderation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Donghyun Son , Byounggyu Lew , Kwanghee Choi , Yongsu Baek , Seungwoo Choi , Beomjun Shin , Sungjoo Ha , Buru Chang

As large language models (LLMs) become deeply embedded in daily life, the urgent need for safer moderation systems that distinguish between naive and harmful requests while upholding appropriate censorship boundaries has never been greater.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Naseem Machlovi , Maryam Saleki , Ruhul Amin , Mohamed Rahouti , Shawqi Al-Maliki , Junaid Qadir , Mohamed M. Abdallah , Ala Al-Fuqaha

Short-video platforms now host vast multimodal ads whose deceptive visuals, speech and subtitles demand finer-grained, policy-driven moderation than community safety filters. We present BLM-Guard, a content-audit framework for commercial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yiran Yang , Zhaowei Liu , Yuan Yuan , Yukun Song , Xiong Ma , Yinghao Song , Xiangji Zeng , Lu Sun , Yulu Wang , Hai Zhou , Shuai Cui , Zhaohan Gong , Jiefei Zhang

With the rapid rise of short-form videos, TikTok has become one of the most influential platforms among children and teenagers, but also a source of harmful content that can affect their perception and behavior. Such content, often subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Dat Thanh Nguyen , Nguyen Hung Lam , Anh Hoang-Thi Nguyen , Trong-Hop Do

Safety moderation is pivotal for identifying harmful content. Despite the success of textual safety moderation, its multimodal counterparts remain hindered by a dual sparsity of data and supervision. Conventional reliance on binary labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Tianle Gu , Kexin Huang , Lingyu Li , Ruilin Luo , Shiyang Huang , Zongqi Wang , Yujiu Yang , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Ensuring the safety of LLM-generated content is essential for real-world deployment. Most existing guardrail models formulate moderation as a fixed binary classification task, implicitly assuming a fixed definition of harmfulness. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zhihao Ding , Jinming Li , Ze Lu , Jieming Shi

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly powerful, ensuring their safety and alignment with human values remains a critical challenge. Ideally, LLMs should provide informative responses while avoiding the disclosure of harmful or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Lingrui Mei , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Baolong Bi , Ruibin Yuan , Xueqi Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to numerous applications in critical domains where reliability is paramount. Despite significant advances in safety frameworks and guardrails, current protective measures exhibit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Bibek Upadhayay , Vahid Behzadan , Ph. D

Platform content moderation applies explicit policy rules and context-dependent conditions to decide whether user content is allowed, restricted, or removed. A correct moderation outcome must therefore depend on which rules a case…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zhifeng Lu , Dianyuan Wang , Yuhu Shang , Zhenbo Xu

This paper addresses the critical challenge of deriving interpretable confidence scores from generative language models (LLMs) when applied to multi-label content safety classification. While models like LLaMA Guard are effective for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Anjaneya Praharaj , Jaykumar Kasundra

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically aligned for safety during the post-training phase; however, they may still generate inappropriate outputs that could potentially pose risks to users. This challenge underscores the need for robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Mahesh Kumar Nandwana , Youngwan Lim , Joseph Liu , Alex Yang , Varun Notibala , Nishchaie Khanna

Content moderation remains a critical yet challenging task for large-scale user-generated video platforms, especially in livestreaming environments where moderation must be timely, multimodal, and robust to evolving forms of unwanted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Wei Chee Yew , Hailun Xu , Sanjay Saha , Xiaotian Fan , Hiok Hian Ong , David Yuchen Wang , Kanchan Sarkar , Zhenheng Yang , Danhui Guan

We present a holistic approach to building a robust and useful natural language classification system for real-world content moderation. The success of such a system relies on a chain of carefully designed and executed steps, including the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Todor Markov , Chong Zhang , Sandhini Agarwal , Tyna Eloundou , Teddy Lee , Steven Adler , Angela Jiang , Lilian Weng

Robust content moderation classifiers are essential for the safety of Generative AI systems. In this task, differences between safe and unsafe inputs are often extremely subtle, making it difficult for classifiers (and indeed, even humans)…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning and instruction-following capabilities, yet their expanded modality space introduces new compositional safety risks that emerge from complex text-image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xuankun Rong , Wenke Huang , Tingfeng Wang , Daiguo Zhou , Bo Du , Mang Ye

The exponential growth of digital content presents significant challenges for content safety. Current moderation systems, often based on single models or fixed pipelines, exhibit limitations in identifying implicit risks and providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yuxiang He , Jian Zhao , Yuchen Yuan , Tianle Zhang , Wei Cai , Haojie Cheng , Ziyan Shi , Ming Zhu , Haichuan Tang , Chi Zhang , Xuelong Li

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent in a wide variety of applications, concerns about the safety of their outputs have become more significant. Most efforts at safety-tuning or moderation today take on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Jessica Foo , Shaun Khoo

Multi-modal recommendation has gained traction as items possess rich attributes like text and images. Semantic ID-based approaches effectively discretize this information into compact tokens. However, two challenges persist: (1) Suboptimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Pingjun Pan , Tingting Zhou , Peiyao Lu , Tingting Fei , Hongxiang Chen , Chuanjiang Luo

Content moderation typically combines the efforts of human moderators and machine learning models. However, these systems often rely on data where significant disagreement occurs during moderation, reflecting the subjective nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Guillermo Villate-Castillo , Javier Del Ser , Borja Sanz

Large language models enable agents to autonomously perform tasks in open web environments. However, as hidden threats within the web evolve, web agents face the challenge of balancing task performance with emerging risks during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yurun Chen , Xavier Hu , Yuhan Liu , Keting Yin , Juncheng Li , Zhuosheng Zhang , Shengyu Zhang
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