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Recent surges in LLM-driven intelligent systems largely overlook decades of foundational multi-agent systems (MAS) research, resulting in frameworks with critical limitations such as centralization and inadequate trust and communication…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Michael J. Wooldridge , Attila Bagoly , Jonathan J. Ward , Emanuele La Malfa , Gabriel Paludo Licks

Alternative Assets tokenization is transforming non-traditional financial instruments are represented and traded on the web. However, ensuring trustworthiness in web-based tokenized ecosystems poses significant challenges, from verifying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Ailiya Borjigin , Wei Zhou , Cong He

Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) is one of the paradigm changes in cybersecurity, from the traditional perimeter-based model to perimeterless. This article studies the core concepts of ZTA, its beginning, a few use cases and future trends.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Md Nasiruzzaman , Maaruf Ali , Iftekhar Salam , Mahdi H. Miraz

This paper presents a conceptual and operational framework for developing and operating safe and trustworthy AI agents based on a Three-Pillar Model grounded in transparency, accountability, and trustworthiness. Building on prior work in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Edward C. Cheng , Jeshua Cheng , Alice Siu

We present HADA (Human-AI Agent Decision Alignment), a protocol- and framework agnostic reference architecture that keeps both large language model (LLM) agents and legacy algorithms aligned with organizational targets and values. HADA…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Tapio Pitkäranta , Leena Pitkäranta

The vision of autonomous systems is becoming increasingly important in many application areas, where the aim is to replace humans with agents. These include autonomous vehicles and other agents' applications in business processes and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Joseph Sifakis , Dongming Li , Hairong Huang , Yong Zhang , Wenshuan Dang , River Huang , Yijun Yu

The rapid development of AI agents leads to a surge in communication demands. Alongside this rise, a variety of frameworks and protocols emerge. While these efforts demonstrate the vitality of the field, they also highlight increasing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Chenguang Du , Chuyi Wang , Yihan Chao , Xiaohui Xie , Yong Cui

Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) represents a transformative approach to modern cybersecurity, directly addressing the shortcomings of traditional perimeter-based security models. With the rise of cloud computing, remote work, and increasingly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Mahmud Hasan

As the "agentic web" takes shape-billions of AI agents (often LLM-powered) autonomously transacting and collaborating-trust shifts from human oversight to protocol design. In 2025, several inter-agent protocols crystallized this shift,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Botao 'Amber' Hu , Helena Rong

This paper provides an in-depth technical analysis and implementation methodology of the open-source Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol developed by Google and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduced by Anthropic. While the evolution of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Cheonsu Jeong

Autonomous AI agents lack traceable accountability mechanisms, creating a fundamental dilemma where systems must either operate as ``downgraded tools'' or risk real-world abuse. This vulnerability stems from the limitations of traditional…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zibin Lin , Shengli Zhang , Guofu Liao , Dacheng Tao , Taotao Wang

The rise of autonomous AI agents and the accelerating velocity of corporate data access are stretching the application-centric model of zero trust security to its breaking point. This paper introduces Beyond Zero, a new security paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Joseph Valente , Michal Zalewski

The convergence of Web3 technologies and AI agents represents a rapidly evolving frontier poised to reshape decentralized ecosystems. This paper presents the first and most comprehensive analysis of the intersection between Web3 and AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yiming Shen , Jiashuo Zhang , Zhenzhe Shao , Wenxuan Luo , Yanlin Wang , Ting Chen , Zibin Zheng , Jiachi Chen

AI agents plan and execute interactions in open-ended environments. For example, OpenAI's Operator can use a web browser to do product comparisons and buy online goods. Much research on making agents useful and safe focuses on directly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Alan Chan , Kevin Wei , Sihao Huang , Nitarshan Rajkumar , Elija Perrier , Seth Lazar , Gillian K. Hadfield , Markus Anderljung

As AI agents transition from research prototypes to enterprise production systems, the tool interfaces they consume remain rooted in human-oriented CRUD paradigms. This paper identifies five fundamental architectural mismatches between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kai Pan

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly accelerating the development of autonomous multi-agent systems (MAS), paving the way for the Internet of Agents. However, traditional centralized MAS architectures present significant…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yepeng Ding , Ahmed Twabi , Junwei Yu , Lingfeng Zhang , Tohru Kondo , Hiroyuki Sato

AI agent protocols -- including MCP, A2A, ANP, and ACP -- enable autonomous agents to discover capabilities, delegate tasks, and compose services across trust boundaries. Despite massive deployment (MCP alone has 97M+ monthly SDK…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Shenghan Zheng , Qifan Zhang

The rapid deployment of autonomous AI agents creates urgent challenges around authorization, accountability, and access control in digital spaces. New standards are needed to know whom AI agents act on behalf of and guide their use…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Tobin South , Samuele Marro , Thomas Hardjono , Robert Mahari , Cedric Deslandes Whitney , Dazza Greenwood , Alan Chan , Alex Pentland

The rise of generative and autonomous agents marks a fundamental shift in computing, demanding a rethinking of how humans collaborate with probabilistic, partially autonomous systems. We present the Human-AI-Experience (HAX) framework, a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Marc Scibelli , Krystelle Gonzalez Papaux , Julia Valenti , Srishti Kush

Artificial intelligence is rapidly evolving towards multi-agent systems where numerous AI agents collaborate and interact with external tools. Two key open standards, Google's Agent to Agent (A2A) protocol for inter-agent communication and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Qiaomu Li , Ying Xie