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Large language models are widely adopted as automated evaluation judges, yet the stability of their verdicts under semantically equivalent prompt rephrasings remains largely unexamined. We conduct a systematic empirical study of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Rohith Reddy Bellibatlu , Edward Raff , Wenbin Zhang

Deep Research (DR) is an emerging agent application that leverages large language models (LLMs) to address open-ended queries. It requires the integration of several capabilities, including multi-step reasoning, cross-document synthesis,…

Recent advances in large language models have enabled the development of viable generative retrieval systems. Instead of a traditional document ranking, generative retrieval systems often directly return a grounded generated text as a…

Generative AI systems achieve impressive performance on standard benchmarks yet fail to deliver real-world utility, a disconnect we identify across 28 deployment cases spanning education, healthcare, software engineering, and law. We argue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ishani Mondal , Shweta Bhardwaj

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit advanced reasoning ability, conventional alignment remains largely dominated by outcome reward models (ORMs) that judge only final answers. Process Reward Models(PRMs) address this gap by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Congmin Zheng , Jiachen Zhu , Zhuoying Ou , Yuxiang Chen , Kangning Zhang , Rong Shan , Zeyu Zheng , Mengyue Yang , Jianghao Lin , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

This paper explores the potential of AI-powered tools to reshape data analysis, focusing on design considerations and challenges. We explore how the emergence of large language and multimodal models offers new opportunities to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Jeevana Priya Inala , Chenglong Wang , Steven Drucker , Gonzalo Ramos , Victor Dibia , Nathalie Riche , Dave Brown , Dan Marshall , Jianfeng Gao

Offline evaluation of search systems depends on test collections. These benchmarks provide the researchers with a corpus of documents, topics and relevance judgements indicating which documents are relevant for each topic. While test…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-23 David Otero , Javier Parapar , Álvaro Barreiro

Peer prediction mechanisms motivate high-quality feedback with provable guarantees. However, current methods only apply to rather simple reports, like multiple-choice or scalar numbers. We aim to broaden these techniques to the larger…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yuxuan Lu , Shengwei Xu , Yichi Zhang , Yuqing Kong , Grant Schoenebeck

Generative artificial intelligence is increasingly being integrated into complex business workflows, fundamentally shifting the boundaries of managerial decision-making. However, the reliability of its strategic advice in ambiguous business…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Sule Ozturk Birim , Fabrizio Marozzo , Yigit Kazancoglu

Traditional recommender systems (RS) typically use user-item rating histories as their main data source. However, deep generative models now have the capability to model and sample from complex data distributions, including user-item…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) and other forms of Generative AI permeate various aspects of our lives, their application for learning and education has provided opportunities and challenges. This paper presents an investigation into the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Daniel Leiker , Sara Finnigan , Ashley Ricker Gyllen , Mutlu Cukurova

Effective evaluation of large language models (LLMs) remains a critical bottleneck, as conventional direct scoring often yields inconsistent and opaque judgments. In this work, we adapt the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to LLM-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yulong He , Ivan Smirnov , Dmitry Fedrushkov , Sergey Kovalchuk , Ilya Revin

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly through the advent of large-scale generative AI (GenAI) models such as Large Language Models (LLMs), has become a transformative element in contemporary technology. While these models have unlocked…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Boming Xia , Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Sung Une Lee , Yue Liu , Zhenchang Xing

Incorporating Generative AI (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) in education can enhance teaching efficiency and enrich student learning. Current LLM usage involves conversational user interfaces (CUIs) for tasks like generating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Stanislav Pozdniakov , Jonathan Brazil , Solmaz Abdi , Aneesha Bakharia , Shazia Sadiq , Dragan Gasevic , Paul Denny , Hassan Khosravi

As a prominent direction of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have garnered increased attention from both industry and academia. Building upon pre-trained LLMs, this family of models further…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Chaoyou Fu , Yi-Fan Zhang , Shukang Yin , Bo Li , Xinyu Fang , Sirui Zhao , Haodong Duan , Xing Sun , Ziwei Liu , Liang Wang , Caifeng Shan , Ran He

The recent release of very large language models such as PaLM and GPT-4 has made an unprecedented impact in the popular media and public consciousness, giving rise to a mixture of excitement and fear as to their capabilities and potential…

Collecting human judgements is currently the most reliable evaluation method for natural language generation systems. Automatic metrics have reported flaws when applied to measure quality aspects of generated text and have been shown to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Thórhildur Thorleiksdóttir , Cedric Renggli , Nora Hollenstein , Ce Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

In recent years, large language models (LLM) have emerged as powerful tools for diverse natural language processing tasks. However, their potential for recommender systems under the generative recommendation paradigm remains relatively…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Jianchao Ji , Zelong Li , Shuyuan Xu , Wenyue Hua , Yingqiang Ge , Juntao Tan , Yongfeng Zhang
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