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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external, up-to-date knowledge. Graph RAG has emerged as an advanced paradigm that leverages graph-based knowledge structures to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiale Liu , Jiahao Zhang , Suhang Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents from external corpora before generating responses. This approach significantly expands LLM capabilities by leveraging vast,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Haowei Wang , Rupeng Zhang , Junjie Wang , Mingyang Li , Yuekai Huang , Dandan Wang , Qing Wang

Knowledge poisoning poses a critical threat to Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems by injecting adversarial content into knowledge bases, tricking Large Language Models (LLMs) into producing attacker-controlled outputs grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yutao Wu , Xiao Liu , Yinghui Li , Yifeng Gao , Yifan Ding , Jiale Ding , Xiang Zheng , Xingjun Ma

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems are vulnerable to attacks that inject poisoned passages into the retrieved context, even at low corruption rates. We show that existing attacks are not designed to be stealthy, allowing reliable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Sarthak Choudhary , Nils Palumbo , Ashish Hooda , Krishnamurthy Dj Dvijotham , Somesh Jha

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) frameworks improve the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge from retrieved documents, thereby overcoming the limitations of models' static intrinsic knowledge.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Jingjie Zheng , Aryo Pradipta Gema , Giwon Hong , Xuanli He , Pasquale Minervini , Youcheng Sun , Qiongkai Xu

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) systems provide a method for factually grounding the responses of a Large Language Model (LLM) by providing retrieved evidence, or context, as support. Guided by this context, RAG systems can reduce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Shakiba Amirshahi , Amin Bigdeli , Charles L. A. Clarke , Amira Ghenai

The robustness of recent Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly crucial as their applicability expands across various domains and real-world applications. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising solution for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Sukmin Cho , Soyeong Jeong , Jeongyeon Seo , Taeho Hwang , Jong C. Park

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) lifts the factuality of Large Language Models (LLMs) by injecting external knowledge, yet it falls short on problems that demand multi-step inference; conversely, purely reasoning-oriented approaches…

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is increasingly recognized as an effective approach to mitigating the hallucination of large language models (LLMs) through the integration of external knowledge. While numerous efforts, most studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shuo Yu , Mingyue Cheng , Qi Liu , Daoyu Wang , Jiqian Yang , Jie Ouyang , Yucong Luo , Chenyi Lei , Enhong Chen

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) offers a solution to mitigate hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding their outputs to knowledge retrieved from external sources. The use of private resources and data in constructing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Xiao Hu , Eric Liu , Weizhou Wang , Xiangyu Guo , David Lie

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge bases, but this advancement introduces significant privacy risks. Existing privacy attacks on RAG systems can trigger data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yufei Chen , Yao Wang , Haibin Zhang , Tao Gu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by integrating up-to-date external knowledge, yet real-world web environments present unique challenges. These limitations manifest as two key challenges: pervasive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuqin Dai , Shuo Yang , Guoqing Wang , Yong Deng , Zhanwei Zhang , Jun Yin , Pengyu Zeng , Zhenzhe Ying , Changhua Meng , Can Yi , Yuchen Zhou , Weiqiang Wang , Shuai Lu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing multimodal large language models by grounding their responses in external, factual knowledge and thus mitigating hallucinations. However, the integration…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Kennedy Edemacu , Mohammad Mahdi Shokri

The growing ubiquity of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in several real-world services triggers severe concerns about their security. A RAG system improves the generative capabilities of a Large Language Models (LLM) by a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Christian Di Maio , Cristian Cosci , Marco Maggini , Valentina Poggioni , Stefano Melacci

Large Language Models (LLMs) showcase impressive capabilities but encounter challenges like hallucination, outdated knowledge, and non-transparent, untraceable reasoning processes. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Yunfan Gao , Yun Xiong , Xinyu Gao , Kangxiang Jia , Jinliu Pan , Yuxi Bi , Yi Dai , Jiawei Sun , Meng Wang , Haofen Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates LLM hallucinations but introduces a critical vulnerability: corpus integrity. We present SilentRetrieval, a two-stage data poisoning attack that hijacks RAG systems through adversarially…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jiachen Qian

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by mitigating hallucinations and outdated information issues, yet simultaneously facilitates unauthorized data appropriation at scale. This paper addresses this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Peiyang Liu , Ziqiang Cui , Di Liang , Wei Ye

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential to enhance natural language understanding and generation by combining large-scale retrieval systems with generative models. RAG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Mingyue Cheng , Yucong Luo , Jie Ouyang , Qi Liu , Huijie Liu , Li Li , Shuo Yu , Bohou Zhang , Jiawei Cao , Jie Ma , Daoyu Wang , Enhong Chen

Accurately identifying adversarial techniques in security texts is critical for effective cyber defense. However, existing methods face a fundamental trade-off: they either rely on generic models with limited domain precision or require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Ahmed Lekssays , Utsav Shukla , Husrev Taha Sencar , Md Rizwan Parvez

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems extend large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge sources but introduce new attack surfaces through the retrieval pipeline. In particular, adversaries can poison retrieval corpora so…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Scott Thornton