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Transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results across a diverse range of domains. However, concern over the cost of training the attention mechanism to learn complex dependencies between distant inputs continues to grow. In…

Large transformer models have shown extraordinary success in achieving state-of-the-art results in many natural language processing applications. However, training and deploying these models can be prohibitively costly for long sequences,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Sinong Wang , Belinda Z. Li , Madian Khabsa , Han Fang , Hao Ma

Transformer models cannot easily scale to long sequences due to their O(N^2) time and space complexity. This has led to Transformer variants seeking to lower computational complexity, such as Longformer and Performer. While such models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Guanghui Qin , Yukun Feng , Benjamin Van Durme

Transformers achieve remarkable performance in several tasks but due to their quadratic complexity, with respect to the input's length, they are prohibitively slow for very long sequences. To address this limitation, we express the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Angelos Katharopoulos , Apoorv Vyas , Nikolaos Pappas , François Fleuret

Training reinforcement learning (RL) agents often requires significant computational resources and prolonged training durations. To address this challenge, we build upon prior work that introduced a neural architecture with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Junaid Muzaffar , Khubaib Ahmed , Ingo Frommholz , Zeeshan Pervez , Ahsan ul Haq

Large Transformer models routinely achieve state-of-the-art results on a number of tasks but training these models can be prohibitively costly, especially on long sequences. We introduce two techniques to improve the efficiency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Nikita Kitaev , Łukasz Kaiser , Anselm Levskaya

Pretrained transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. These models leverage the attention mechanism to capture long- and short-range dependencies in the sequence. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Qingru Zhang , Dhananjay Ram , Cole Hawkins , Sheng Zha , Tuo Zhao

Processing spatial data is a key component in many learning tasks for autonomous driving such as motion forecasting, multi-agent simulation, and planning. Prior works have demonstrated the value in using SE(2) invariant network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ethan Pronovost , Neha Boloor , Peter Schleede , Noureldin Hendy , Andres Morales , Nicholas Roy

In this paper, we propose that the dot product pairwise matching attention layer, which is widely used in Transformer-based models, is redundant for the model performance. Attention, in its original formulation, has to be seen rather as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Uladzislau Yorsh , Alexander Kovalenko , Vojtěch Vančura , Daniel Vašata , Pavel Kordík , Tomáš Mikolov

We introduce a new neural architecture to learn the conditional probability of an output sequence with elements that are discrete tokens corresponding to positions in an input sequence. Such problems cannot be trivially addressed by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-01-03 Oriol Vinyals , Meire Fortunato , Navdeep Jaitly

Transformers with linear recurrent modeling offer linear-time training and constant-memory inference. Despite their demonstrated efficiency and performance, pretraining such non-standard architectures from scratch remains costly and risky.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Disen Lan , Weigao Sun , Jiaxi Hu , Jusen Du , Yu Cheng

Transformer models achieve state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of NLP tasks. They however suffer from a prohibitive limitation due to the self-attention mechanism, inducing $O(n^2)$ complexity with regard to sequence length. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Charles Condevaux , Sébastien Harispe

Transformers have achieved success in both language and vision domains. However, it is prohibitively expensive to scale them to long sequences such as long documents or high-resolution images, because self-attention mechanism has quadratic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Chen Zhu , Wei Ping , Chaowei Xiao , Mohammad Shoeybi , Tom Goldstein , Anima Anandkumar , Bryan Catanzaro

Sequence modeling faces challenges in capturing long-range dependencies across diverse tasks. Recent linear and transformer-based forecasters have shown superior performance in time series forecasting. However, they are constrained by their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Bong Gyun Kang , Dongjun Lee , HyunGi Kim , DoHyun Chung , Sungroh Yoon

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized deep learning on sequential data, becoming ubiquitous in state-of-the-art solutions for a wide variety of applications. Yet vanilla Transformers are notoriously resource-expensive, requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Valerii Likhosherstov , Krzysztof Choromanski , Jared Davis , Xingyou Song , Adrian Weller

In this paper, we propose \textbf{Superlinear attention}, a fully trainable multi-step attention architecture that achieves subquadratic complexity for long sequences while preserving \textbf{random context access} (a.k.a.\ structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yufeng Huang

The Transformer architecture has become a cornerstone of modern artificial intelligence, but its core self-attention mechanism suffers from a complexity bottleneck that scales quadratically with sequence length, severely limiting its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Zhongpan Tang

A key requirement in sequence to sequence processing is the modeling of long range dependencies. To this end, a vast majority of the state-of-the-art models use attention mechanism which is of O($n^2$) complexity that leads to slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Kārlis Freivalds , Emīls Ozoliņš , Agris Šostaks

Despite their dominance in modern DL and, especially, NLP domains, transformer architectures exhibit sub-optimal performance on long-range tasks compared to recent layers that are specifically designed for this purpose. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Itamar Zimerman , Lior Wolf

Scaling attention faces a critical bottleneck: the $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ quadratic computational cost of softmax attention, which limits its application in long-sequence domains. While linear attention mechanisms reduce this cost to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Ashkan Shahbazi , Ping He , Ali Abbasi , Yikun Bai , Xinran Liu , Elaheh Akbari , Darian Salehi , Navid NaderiAlizadeh , Soheil Kolouri
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