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The quantum approximate optimization algorithm is commonly used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. While unconstrained problems map naturally into the algorithm, incorporating constraints typically requires penalizing constraint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Matthew Brunet , Shilpi Shah , Mostafa Atallah , Anthony Wilkie , Rebekah Herrman

Quantum computing is an emerging field on the multidisciplinary interface between physics, engineering, and computer science with the potential to make a large impact on computational intelligence (CI). The aim of this paper is to introduce…

Constrained optimization problems, where not all possible variable assignments are feasible solutions, comprise numerous practically relevant optimization problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), or portfolio optimization.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-24 René Zander , Raphael Seidel , Matteo Inajetovic , Niklas Steinmann , Matic Petrič

Quantum algorithms for combinatorial optimization typically encode constraints as soft penalties within the objective function, which can reduce efficiency and scalability compared to state-of-the-art classical methods that instead exploit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Matteo Vandelli , Francesco Ferrari , Daniele Dragoni

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) transforms a simple many-qubit wavefunction into one which encodes a solution to a difficult classical optimization problem. It does this by optimizing the schedule according to which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-29 Yunlong Yu , Chenfeng Cao , Carter Dewey , Xiang-Bin Wang , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising quantum approach for tackling combinatorial optimization problems. However, hardware constraints such as limited scaling and susceptibility to noise pose significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Bao G Bach , Filip B. Maciejewski , Ilya Safro

We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid solutions form a low dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and we present a provable route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

Encoding combinatorial optimization problems into physically meaningful Hamiltonians with tractable energy landscapes forms the foundation of quantum optimization. Numerous works have studied such efficient encodings for the class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-12 Sebastian Egginger , Kristina Kirova , Sonja Bruckner , Stefan Hillmich , Richard Kueng

While variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have demonstrated considerable success in unconstrained optimization, their application to constrained combinatorial problems face a trade-off. Penalty-based methods, despite their circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Hui-Min Li , Yuan-Liang Han , Zhi-Xi Wang , Shao-Ming Fei

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a promising method of solving combinatorial optimization problems using quantum computing. QAOA on the MaxCut problem has been studied extensively on specific families of graphs,…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has been introduced as a heuristic digital quantum computing scheme to find approximate solutions of combinatorial problems with shallow circuits. We present a scheme to parallelize this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-02 Wolfgang Lechner

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has rapidly become a cornerstone of contemporary quantum algorithm development. Despite a growing range of applications, only a few results have been developed towards understanding the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-11 V. Akshay , H. Philathong , M. E. S. Morales , J. Biamonte

Combinatorial optimization problems that arise in science and industry typically have constraints. Yet the presence of constraints makes them challenging to tackle using both classical and quantum optimization algorithms. We propose a new…

The variational preparation of complex quantum states using the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is of fundamental interest, and becomes a promising application of quantum computers. Here, we systematically study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Zheng-Hang Sun , Yong-Yi Wang , Jian Cui , Heng Fan

Novel magnetic materials are important for future technological advances. Theoretical and numerical calculations of ground state properties are essential in understanding these materials, however, computational complexity limits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Hanjing Xu , Bilal Khalid , Gilles Buchs , Travis S. Humble , Arnab Banerjee

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a general purpose quantum algorithm designed for combinatorial optimization. We analyze its expected performance and prove concentration properties at any constant level (number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Joao Basso , David Gamarnik , Song Mei , Leo Zhou

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading candidate algorithm for solving optimization problems on quantum computers. However, the potential of QAOA to tackle classically intractable problems remains unclear. Here,…

The prospect of quantum solutions for complicated optimization problems is contingent on mapping the original problem onto a tractable quantum energy landscape, e.g. an Ising-type Hamiltonian. Subsequently, techniques like adiabatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-17 Sebastian Egginger , Kristina Kirova , Sonja Bruckner , Stefan Hillmich , Richard Kueng

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a near-term hybrid algorithm intended to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as MaxCut. QAOA can be made to mimic an adiabatic schedule, and in the $p\to\infty$ limit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Jonathan Wurtz , Peter J. Love

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is among leading candidates for achieving quantum advantage on near-term processors. While typically implemented with a transverse-field mixer (XM-QAOA), the Grover-mixer variant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Elizaveta V. Krendeleva , Aleksey K. Fedorov