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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are emerging as a key approach for grounding Large Language Models (LLMs) in external knowledge, addressing limitations in factual accuracy and contextual relevance. However, there is a lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Md Toufique Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Ayman Asad Khan , Mika Saari , Pekka Abrahamsson

Likelihood-based deep generative models (DGMs) commonly exhibit a puzzling behaviour: when trained on a relatively complex dataset, they assign higher likelihood values to out-of-distribution (OOD) data from simpler sources. Adding to the…

Continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring via wearable devices is vital for early cardiovascular disease detection. However, deploying deep learning models on resource-constrained microcontrollers faces reliability challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Mustafa Fuad Rifet Ibrahim , Maurice Meijer , Alexander Schlaefer , Peer Stelldinger

Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) promises accuracy and efficiency by dynamically triggering retrieval only when needed and is widely used in practice. However, real-world queries vary in surface form even with the same intent,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yunah Jang , Megha Sundriyal , Kyomin Jung , Meeyoung Cha

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has recently demonstrated the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the knowledge-intensive tasks such as Question-Answering (QA). RAG expands the query context by incorporating external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zijian Hei , Weiling Liu , Wenjie Ou , Juyi Qiao , Junming Jiao , Guowen Song , Ting Tian , Yi Lin

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a paradigm for grounding large language models in external knowledge, yet most existing RAG systems assume centralized knowledge access and ample computation. These assumptions break down…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tianhao Gao , Kai Yang , Yiyang Li

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) instances is significant for the safe deployment of NLP models. Among recent textual OOD detection works based on pretrained language models (PLMs), distance-based methods have shown superior performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Sishuo Chen , Xiaohan Bi , Rundong Gao , Xu Sun

Biomedical question-answering (QA) systems require effective retrieval and generation components to ensure accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. This study systematically examines a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Linus Stuhlmann , Michael Alexander Saxer , Jonathan Fürst

The indexing-retrieval-generation paradigm of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been highly successful in solving knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external knowledge into large language models (LLMs). However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Xun Liang , Simin Niu , Zhiyu Li , Sensen Zhang , Hanyu Wang , Feiyu Xiong , Jason Zhaoxin Fan , Bo Tang , Shichao Song , Mengwei Wang , Jiawei Yang

Retrieval augmented generation RAG is widely deployed to improve factual accuracy in language models yet it remains unclear whether smaller models of size 7B parameters or less can effectively utilize retrieved information. To investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sanchit Pandey

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to support various decision-making tasks, assisting humans in making informed decisions. However, when LLMs confidently provide incorrect information, it can lead humans to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chaeyun Jang , Deukhwan Cho , Seanie Lee , Hyungi Lee , Juho Lee

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising method for addressing some of the memory-related challenges associated with Large Language Models (LLMs). Two separate systems form the RAG pipeline, the retriever and the reader, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Alexandria Leto , Cecilia Aguerrebere , Ishwar Bhati , Ted Willke , Mariano Tepper , Vy Ai Vo

Protein-Text Question Answering (QA) is crucial for interpreting biological sequences through natural language. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) that efficiently leverages biological…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Li Ding , Duanyu Feng , Chen Huang , Yangshuai Wang , Yang Li , Wenqiang Lei , See-Kiong Ng

Large Language Models~(LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps mitigate this, but at a high computational cost while risking misinformation. Adaptive retrieval aims to retrieve only when necessary,…

The growing adoption of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has led to a rise in adversarial attacks. Existing defenses, relying on semantic analysis or voting, face a trade-off between high computational cost and limited robustness under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Chengcai Gao , Zhihong Sun , Xiaochuan Shi , Qiufeng Wang , Chao Liang

Likelihood-based deep generative models (DGMs) have gained significant attention for their ability to approximate the distributions of high-dimensional data. However, these models lack a performance guarantee in assigning higher likelihood…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Behrooz Montazeran , Ullrich Köthe

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances LLMs with external knowledge, yet generation remains vulnerable to retrieval-induced noise and uncertain placement of relevant chunks, often causing hallucinations. We present Ext2Gen, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hwanjun Song , Jeonghwan Choi , Minseok Kim

In sensitive domains, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) must be interpretable and robust because errors do not just mislead, they invite lawsuits, undermine scholarly credibility, and breach compliance. Stakeholders require traceable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yash Saxena , Ankur Padia , Mandar S Chaudhary , Kalpa Gunaratna , Srinivasan Parthasarathy , Manas Gaur

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks such as those from medical domain. However, the sensitive nature of the medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Nghia Trung Ngo , Chien Van Nguyen , Franck Dernoncourt , Thien Huu Nguyen

Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Xikun Zhang , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li