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The growing demands in the training and inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) are accelerating the adoption of scale-up systems that extend server shared memory through the use of Compute Express Link (CXL)-based load/store…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Karan Pathak , David Atienza , Marina Zapater

We explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate high-quality Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code with minimal human interference. The traditional RTL design workflow requires human experts to manually write high-quality RTL…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hanxian Huang , Zhenghan Lin , Zixuan Wang , Xin Chen , Ke Ding , Jishen Zhao

Register Transfer Level (RTL) code optimization is crucial for enhancing the efficiency and performance of digital circuits during early synthesis stages. Currently, optimization relies heavily on manual efforts by skilled engineers, often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xufeng Yao , Yiwen Wang , Xing Li , Yingzhao Lian , Ran Chen , Lei Chen , Mingxuan Yuan , Hong Xu , Bei Yu

As intelligent computing devices increasingly integrate into human life, ensuring the functional safety of the corresponding electronic chips becomes more critical. A key metric for functional safety is achieving a sufficient fault…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jiaping Tang , Jianan Mu , Silin Liu , Zizhen Liu , Feng Gu , Xinyu Zhang , Leyan Wang , Shenwen Liang , Jing Ye , Huawei Li , Xiaowei Li

Processor design and verification require a synergistic approach that combines instruction-level functional simulations with precise hardware emulations. The trade-off between speed and accuracy in the instruction set simulation poses a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Kun Qin , Xiaorang Guo , Martin Schulz , Carsten Trinitis

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) verification is a primary bottleneck, consuming 60-70% of development time. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for RTL automation, their performance and research focus have overwhelmingly centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yujie Zhao , Zhijing Wu , Boqin Yuan , Zhongming Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Chia-Tung Ho , Haoxing Ren , Jishen Zhao

With the rapid development of safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving and embodied intelligence, the functional safety of the corresponding electronic chips becomes more critical. Ensuring chip functional safety requires…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiaping Tang , Jianan Mu , Zizhen Liu , Ge Yu , Tenghui Hua , Bin Sun , Silin Liu , Jing Ye , Huawei Li

Transistor-level simulation plays a vital role in validating the physical correctness of integrated circuits. However, such simulations are computationally expensive. This paper proposes three novel reduction methods specifically tailored…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ruibai Tang , Wenlai Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining popularity for hardware design automation, particularly through Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation. In this work, we examine the current literature on RTL generation using LLMs and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Paul E. Calzada , Zahin Ibnat , Tanvir Rahman , Kamal Kandula , Danyu Lu , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi , Mark Tehranipoor

In digital IC design, compared with post-synthesis netlists or layouts, the early register-transfer level (RTL) stage offers greater optimization flexibility for both designers and EDA tools. However, timing information is typically…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Wenji Fang , Shang Liu , Hongce Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

High-level hardware generators have significantly increased the productivity of design engineers. They use software engineering constructs to reduce the repetition required to express complex designs and enable more composability. However,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Keyi Zhang , Zain Asgar , Mark Horowitz

In this paper C-Slow Retiming (CSR) on RTL is discussed. CSR multiplies the functionality of cores by adding the same number of registers into each path. The technique is ideal for FPGAs with their already existing registers. Previously…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Tobias Strauch

Mastering computational architectures is essential for developing fast and power-efficient programs. Our advanced simulator empowers both IT students and professionals to grasp the fundamentals of superscalar RISC-V processors, HW/SW…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Jiri Jaros , Michal Majer , Jakub Horky , Jan Vavra

Recent advances in LLMs have outpaced the computational and memory capacities of edge platforms that primarily employ CPUs, thereby challenging efficient and scalable deployment. While ternary quantization enables significant resource…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyunwoo Oh , KyungIn Nam , Rajat Bhattacharjya , Hanning Chen , Tamoghno Das , Sanggeon Yun , Suyeon Jang , Andrew Ding , Nikil Dutt , Mohsen Imani

The growing adoption of RISC-V in high-performance and scientific computing has increased the need for performance-portable code targeting the RISC-V Vector (RVV) extension. However, current compiler infrastructures provide limited…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jie Lei , Héctor Martínez , Adrián Castelló

Register Transfer Level (RTL) design translates high-level specifications into hardware using HDLs such as Verilog. Although LLM-based RTL generation is promising, the scarcity of functionally verifiable high-quality data limits both…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xinyu Zhang , Zhiteng Chao , Yonghao Wang , Bin Sun , Tianyun Ma , Tianmeng Yang , Jianan Mu , Jing Justin Ye , Huawei Li

The generation of Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code is a crucial yet labor-intensive step in digital hardware design, traditionally requiring engineers to manually translate complex specifications into thousands of lines of synthesizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hanqi Lyu , Di Huang , Yaoyu Zhu , Kangcheng Liu , Bohan Dou , Chongxiao Li , Pengwei Jin , Shuyao Cheng , Rui Zhang , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Xing Hu , Yunji Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting with Register Transfer Level (RTL) design tasks. Nevertheless, there remains to be a significant gap in benchmarks that accurately reflect the complexity of real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ahmed Allam , Mohamed Shalan

The automatic generation of RTL code (e.g., Verilog) using natural language instructions and large language models (LLMs) has attracted significant research interest recently. However, most existing approaches heavily rely on commercial…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Shang Liu , Wenji Fang , Yao Lu , Qijun Zhang , Hongce Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

The construction of effective Recommender Systems (RS) is a complex process, mainly due to the nature of RSs which involves large scale software-systems and human interactions. Iterative development processes require deep understanding of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Lucas Bernardi , Sakshi Batra , Cintia Alicia Bruscantini