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Designing diverse and safety-critical driving scenarios is essential for evaluating autonomous driving systems. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) for few-shot code generation to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yongjie Fu , Ruijian Zha , Pei Tian , Xuan Di

This paper addresses the challenges of training end-to-end autonomous driving agents using Reinforcement Learning (RL). RL agents are typically trained in a fixed set of scenarios and nominal behavior of surrounding road users in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ahmed Abouelazm , Tim Weinstein , Tim Joseph , Philip Schörner , J. Marius Zöllner

This paper aims to develop a paradigm that models the learning behavior of intelligent agents (including but not limited to autonomous vehicles, connected and automated vehicles, or human-driven vehicles with intelligent navigation systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Zhenyu Shou , Xu Chen , Yongjie Fu , Xuan Di

The safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are paramount, necessitating rigorous testing methodologies to uncover potential failures before deployment. Traditional testing approaches often prioritize either natural…

As self-driving systems become better, simulating scenarios where the autonomy stack may fail becomes more important. Traditionally, those scenarios are generated for a few scenes with respect to the planning module that takes ground-truth…

Simulation-based testing has emerged as an essential tool for verifying and validating autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, contemporary methodologies, such as deterministic and imitation learning-based driver models, struggle to capture the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Cheng Wang , Lingxin Kong , Massimiliano Tamborski , Stefano V. Albrecht

Safety-critical scenarios are essential for training and evaluating autonomous driving (AD) systems, yet remain extremely rare in real-world driving datasets. To address this, we propose Real-world Crash Grounding (RCG), a scenario…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Benjamin Stoler , Juliet Yang , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

Recent advances in decision-making policies have led to significant progress in fields such as autonomous driving and robotics. However, testing these policies remains crucial with the existence of critical scenarios that may threaten their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Weichao Xu , Huaxin Pei , Jingxuan Yang , Yuchen Shi , Yi Zhang , Qianchuan Zhao

Generating safety-critical scenarios, which are crucial yet difficult to collect, provides an effective way to evaluate the robustness of autonomous driving systems. However, the diversity of scenarios and efficiency of generation methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Wenhao Ding , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

In multi-agent safety-critical scenarios, traditional autonomous driving frameworks face significant challenges in balancing safety constraints and task performance. These frameworks struggle to quantify dynamic interaction risks in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Kaifeng Wang , Yinsong Chen , Qi Liu , Xueyuan Li , Xin Gao

Intelligent transportation systems require connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to conduct safe and efficient cooperation with human-driven vehicles (HVs) in complex real-world traffic environments. However, the inherent unpredictability…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Jie Pan , Tianyi Wang , Christian Claudel , Jing Shi

Multi-modal learning has emerged as a key technique for improving performance across domains such as autonomous driving, robotics, and reasoning. However, in certain scenarios, particularly in resource-constrained environments, some…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Rui Liu , Yu Shen , Peng Gao , Pratap Tokekar , Ming Lin

Recently, safe reinforcement learning (RL) with the actor-critic structure for continuous control tasks has received increasing attention. It is still challenging to learn a near-optimal control policy with safety and convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Xinglong Zhang , Yaoqian Peng , Biao Luo , Wei Pan , Xin Xu , Haibin Xie

Autonomous driving systems require comprehensive evaluation in safety-critical scenarios to ensure safety and robustness. However, such scenarios are rare and difficult to collect from real-world driving data, necessitating simulation-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhulin Jiang , Zetao Li , Cheng Wang , Ziwen Wang , Chen Xiong

Autonomous vehicles must be comprehensively evaluated before deployed in cities and highways. However, most existing evaluation approaches for autonomous vehicles are static and lack adaptability, so they are usually inefficient in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Baiming Chen , Xiang Chen , Wu Qiong , Liang Li

Ensuring the safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) remains a critical challenge, as traditional verification methods such as large-scale on-road testing are prohibitively costly and time-consuming.To address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ji Zhou , Yongqi Zhao , Yixian Hu , Hexuan Li , Zhengguo Gu , Nan Xu , Arno Eichberger

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been gaining extensive attention from academia and industries in the past few decades. One of the fundamental problems in MARL is how to evaluate different approaches comprehensively. Most…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Zhiuxan Liang , Jiannong Cao , Shan Jiang , Divya Saxena , Jinlin Chen , Huafeng Xu

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) can significantly promote the advances in road transport mobility in terms of safety, reliability, and decarbonization. However, ensuring safety and efficiency in interactive during within dynamic and diverse…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Zhen Tian , Zhihao Lin , Dezong Zhao , Wenjing Zhao , David Flynn , Shuja Ansari , Chongfeng Wei

Generating safety-critical scenarios in high-fidelity simulations offers a promising and cost-effective approach for efficient testing of autonomous vehicles. Existing methods typically rely on manipulating a single vehicle's trajectory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jiawei Wang , Xintao Yan , Yao Mu , Haowei Sun , Zhong Cao , Henry X. Liu

Analysing learning in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) environments is challenging, in particular with respect to \textit{individual} decision-making. Practitioners frequently struggle to compare training runs due to the inherent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 James Rudd-Jones , María Pérez-Ortiz , Mirco Musolesi