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The reuse of code fragments by copying and pasting is widely practiced in software development and results in code clones. Cloning is considered an anti-pattern as it negatively affects program correctness and increases maintenance efforts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Hannes Thaller , Rudolf Ramler , Josef Pichler , Alexander Egyed

Source code clones pose risks ranging from intellectual property violations to unintended vulnerabilities. Effective and efficient scalable clone detection, especially for diverged clones, remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Muslim Chochlov , Gul Aftab Ahmed , James Vincent Patten , Yuanhua Han , Guoxian Lu , David Gregg , Jim Buckley

Software clones have been an active area of research for the past two decades. However, although numerous clone detection tools are now available, only a small fraction of the literature has focused on tool evaluation, and this is in fact…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Rachel Gauci

We consider the well-known and important tasks of clone detection and information retrieval for source code. The most standard setup is to search clones inside the same language code snippets. But it is also useful to find code snippets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Anton Tikhonov , Nikita Sorokin , Dmitry Abulkhanov , Irina Piontkovskaya , Sergey Nikolenko , Valentin Malykh

Software clones are beneficial to detect security gaps and software maintenance in one programming language or across multiple languages. The existing work on source clone detection performs well but in a single programming language.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Mohammad A. Yahya , Dae-Kyoo Kim

Code clones are semantically similar code fragments pairs that are syntactically similar or different. Detection of code clones can help to reduce the cost of software maintenance and prevent bugs. Numerous approaches of detecting code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Wenhan Wang , Ge Li , Bo Ma , Xin Xia , Zhi Jin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate requirements specifications, design documents, code, and test cases. In contrast, much less attention has been given to a more difficult assurance problem: statically verifying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhi Quan Zhou , Dave Towey , Tsong Yueh Chen

Detecting code clones is crucial in various software engineering tasks. In particular, code clone detection can have significant uses in the context of analyzing and fixing bugs in large scale applications. However, prior works, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Hongfa Xue , Yongsheng Mei , Kailash Gogineni , Guru Venkataramani , Tian Lan

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) for code generation has raised serious concerns about intellectual property protection. Malicious users can exploit LLMs to produce paraphrased versions of proprietary code that closely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Shinwoo Park , Hyundong Jin , Jeong-won Cha , Yo-Sub Han

The diversity of programming languages is growing, making the language extensibility of code clone detectors crucial. However, this is challenging for most existing clone detection detectors because the source code handler needs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Wenqing Zhu , Norihiro Yoshida , Toshihiro Kamiya , Eunjong Choi , Hiroaki Takada

Software clone detection identifies similar code snippets. It has been an active research topic that attracts extensive attention over the last two decades. In recent years, machine learning (ML) based detectors, especially deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Weiwei Zhang , Shengjian Guo , Hongyu Zhang , Yulei Sui , Yinxing Xue , Yun Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, automating programming with remarkable efficiency. However, these advancements challenge programming skills, ethics, and assessment integrity, making the detection of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Daniil Orel , Dilshod Azizov , Preslav Nakov

Code cloning, a widespread practice in software development, involves replicating code fragments to save time but often at the expense of software maintainability and quality. In this paper, we address the specific challenge of detecting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Lida Zhao , Shihan Dou , Yutao Hu , Yueming Wu , Jiahui Wu , Chengwei Liu , Lyuye Zhang , Yi Liu , Jun Sun , Xuanjing Huang , Yang Liu

Having similar code fragments, also called clones, in software systems can lead to unnecessary comprehension, review and change efforts. Syntactically similar clones can often be encountered in practice. The same is not clear for only…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Verena Käfer , Stefan Wagner , Rainer Koschke

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in source code understanding, yet as software systems grow in scale, computational efficiency has become a critical bottleneck. Currently, these models rely on a text-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Yuling Shi , Chaoxiang Xie , Zhensu Sun , Yeheng Chen , Chenxu Zhang , Longfei Yun , Chengcheng Wan , Hongyu Zhang , David Lo , Xiaodong Gu

Binary code clone analysis is an important technique which has a wide range of applications in software engineering (e.g., plagiarism detection, bug detection). The main challenge of the topic lies in the semantics-equivalent code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Yikun Hu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Juanru Li , Hui Wang , Bodong Li , Dawu Gu

Despite various approaches being employed to detect vulnerabilities, the number of reported vulnerabilities shows an upward trend over the years. This suggests the problems are not caught before the code is released, which could be caused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Karl Tamberg , Hayretdin Bahsi

In the past few years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in usefulness and popularity for code generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with accuracy and are unsuitable for high-risk applications without additional oversight…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-29 William Murphy , Nikolaus Holzer , Feitong Qiao , Leyi Cui , Raven Rothkopf , Nathan Koenig , Mark Santolucito

Binary code analysis plays a pivotal role in the field of software security and is widely used in tasks such as software maintenance, malware detection, software vulnerability discovery, patch analysis, etc. However, unlike source code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiuwei Shang , Zhenkan Fu , Shaoyin Cheng , Guoqiang Chen , Gangyang Li , Li Hu , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Recent studies highlight various machine learning (ML)-based techniques for code clone detection, which can be integrated into developer tools such as static code analysis. With the advancements brought by ML in code understanding, ML-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Teeradaj Racharak , Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul , Chayanee Junplong , Akara Supratak