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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown strong performance in visual and audio understanding when evaluated in isolation. However, their ability to jointly reason over omni-modal (visual, audio, and textual) signals in long and…

Research on large language models has advanced significantly across text, speech, images, and videos. However, multi-modal music understanding and generation remain underexplored due to the lack of well-annotated datasets. To address this,…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Shansong Liu , Atin Sakkeer Hussain , Qilong Wu , Chenshuo Sun , Ying Shan

This paper presents a geometric approach to pitch estimation (PE)-an important problem in Music Information Retrieval (MIR), and a precursor to a variety of other problems in the field. Though there exist a number of highly-accurate…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Tom Goodman , Karoline van Gemst , Peter Tino

This study investigates the classification of progressive rock music, a genre characterized by complex compositions and diverse instrumentation, distinct from other musical styles. Addressing this Music Information Retrieval (MIR) task, we…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Arpan Nagar , Joseph Bensabat , Jokent Gaza , Moinak Dey

Natural language information needs over symbolic music scores rarely reduce to a single step lookup. Many queries require compositional Music Information Retrieval (MIR) that extracts multiple pieces of evidence from structured notation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Boyang Wang , Yash Vishe , Xin Xu , Zachary Novack , Xunyi Jiang , Julian McAuley , Junda Wu

With the continuous emergence of various social media platforms frequently used in daily life, the multimodal meme understanding (MMU) task has been garnering increasing attention. MMU aims to explore and comprehend the meanings of memes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Li Zheng , Hao Fei , Ting Dai , Zuquan Peng , Fei Li , Huisheng Ma , Chong Teng , Donghong Ji

Music understanding is a complex task that often requires reasoning over both structural and semantic elements of audio. We introduce BASS, designed to evaluate music understanding and reasoning in audio language models across four broad…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Min Jang , Orevaoghene Ahia , Nazif Tamer , Sachin Kumar , Yulia Tsvetkov , Noah A. Smith

Music Information Retrieval (MIR) tends to focus on the analysis of audio signals. Often, a single music recording is used as representative of a "song" even though different performances of the same song may reveal different properties. A…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Alexander Lerch , Claire Arthur , Ashis Pati , Siddharth Gururani

Music Recommendation Systems (MRSs) are a cornerstone of modern streaming platforms. Existing recommendation models, spanning both recall and ranking stages, predominantly rely on collaborative filtering, which fails to exploit the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yizhi Zhou , Jia-Qi Yang , De-Chuan Zhan , Da-Wei Zhou

Perceptual similarity representations enable music retrieval systems to determine which songs sound most similar to listeners. State-of-the-art approaches based on task-specific training via self-supervised metric learning show promising…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Arhan Vohra , Taketo Akama

Music is characterized by complex hierarchical structures. Developing a comprehensive model to capture these structures has been a significant challenge in the field of Music Information Retrieval (MIR). Prior research has mainly focused on…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-01 Taejun Kim , Juhan Nam

Music has a unique and complex structure which is challenging for both expert humans and existing AI systems to understand, and presents unique challenges relative to other forms of audio. We present LLark, an instruction-tuned multimodal…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Josh Gardner , Simon Durand , Daniel Stoller , Rachel M. Bittner

Recent advancements in music large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved music understanding tasks, which involve the model's ability to analyze and interpret various musical elements. These improvements primarily focused on…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zhuoyuan Mao , Mengjie Zhao , Qiyu Wu , Hiromi Wakaki , Yuki Mitsufuji

The proliferation of distorted, compressed, and manipulated music on modern media platforms like TikTok motivates the development of more robust audio fingerprinting techniques to identify the sources of musical recordings. In this paper,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Shubhr Singh , Kiran Bhat , Xavier Riley , Benjamin Resnick , John Thickstun , Walter De Brouwer

Music emotion recognition (MER), a sub-task of music information retrieval (MIR), has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the learning of affect-salient features remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Zi Huang , Shulei Ji , Zhilan Hu , Chuangjian Cai , Jing Luo , Xinyu Yang

While music generation models have evolved to handle complex multimodal inputs mixing text, lyrics, and reference audio, evaluation mechanisms have lagged behind. In this paper, we bridge this critical gap by establishing a comprehensive…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable visual reasoning abilities in natural images, text-rich documents, and graphic designs. However, their ability to interpret music sheets remains underexplored. To bridge this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Jian Chen , Wenye Ma , Penghang Liu , Wei Wang , Tengwei Song , Ming Li , Chenguang Wang , Jiayu Qin , Ruiyi Zhang , Changyou Chen

Music similarity retrieval is fundamental for managing and exploring relevant content from large collections in streaming platforms. This paper presents a novel cross-modal contrastive learning framework that leverages the open-ended nature…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Tristan Tsoi , Jiajun Deng , Yaolong Ju , Benno Weck , Holger Kirchhoff , Simon Lui

Audio-Visual Intelligence (AVI) has emerged as a central frontier in artificial intelligence, bridging auditory and visual modalities to enable machines that can perceive, generate, and interact in the multimodal real world. In the era of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-06 You Qin , Kai Liu , Shengqiong Wu , Kai Wang , Shijian Deng , Yapeng Tian , Junbin Xiao , Yazhou Xing , Yinghao Ma , Bobo Li , Roger Zimmermann , Lei Cui , Furu Wei , Jiebo Luo , Hao Fei

We introduce MMMU: a new benchmark designed to evaluate multimodal models on massive multi-discipline tasks demanding college-level subject knowledge and deliberate reasoning. MMMU includes 11.5K meticulously collected multimodal questions…