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Ensuring safe and effective use of AI requires understanding and anticipating its performance on novel tasks, from advanced scientific challenges to transformed workplace activities. So far, benchmarking has guided progress in AI, but it…

The advent of advanced AI underscores the urgent need for comprehensive safety evaluations, necessitating collaboration across communities (i.e., AI, software engineering, and governance). However, divergent practices and terminologies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Boming Xia , Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Zhenchang Xing

Human cognitive biases in software engineering can lead to costly errors. While general-purpose AI (GPAI) systems may help mitigate these biases due to their non-human nature, their training on human-generated data raises a critical…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Francesco Sovrano , Gabriele Dominici , Rita Sevastjanova , Alessandra Stramiglio , Alberto Bacchelli

Today's AI deployments often require significant human involvement and skill in the operational stages of the model lifecycle, including pre-release testing, monitoring, problem diagnosis and model improvements. We present a set of enabling…

Following the rapid increase in Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities in recent years, the AI community has voiced concerns regarding possible safety risks. To support decision-making on the safe use and development of AI systems, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Gil Gekker , Meirav Segal , Dan Lahav , Omer Nevo

Human uplift studies, or studies that measure the effects of AI access on human performance via randomized controlled trials (RCT) or similar methodologies, increasingly inform frontier AI governance and deployment decisions. While RCT…

The potential presented by Artificial Intelligence (AI) for healthcare has long been recognised by the technical community. More recently, this potential has been recognised by policymakers, resulting in considerable public and private…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Jessica Morley , Caroline Morton , Kassandra Karpathakis , Mariarosaria Taddeo , Luciano Floridi

Frontier AI companies increasingly rely on external evaluations to assess risks from dangerous capabilities before deployment. However, external evaluators often receive limited model access, limited information, and little time, which can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jacob Charnock , Alejandro Tlaie , Kyle O'Brien , Stephen Casper , Aidan Homewood

Although general-purpose artificial intelligence (GPAI) is widely expected to accelerate scientific discovery, its practical limits in biomedicine remain unclear. We assess this potential by developing a framework of GPAI capabilities…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Konstantin Hebenstreit , Constantin Convalexius , Stephan Reichl , Stefan Huber , Christoph Bock , Matthias Samwald

The widespread use of generative AI systems is coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. As a result, policymakers, academic researchers, and social advocacy groups have all called for such systems to be audited. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jakob Mokander , Justin Curl , Mihir Kshirsagar

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Safety Institutes and governments worldwide are deciding whether they evaluate advanced AI themselves, support a private evaluation ecosystem or do both. Evaluation regimes have been established in a wide range…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Merlin Stein , Milan Gandhi , Theresa Kriecherbauer , Amin Oueslati , Robert Trager

Artificial Intelligence Impact Assessments ("AIIAs"), a family of tools that provide structured processes to imagine the possible impacts of a proposed AI system, have become an increasingly popular proposal to govern AI systems. Recent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Nari Johnson , Hoda Heidari

Regulators in the US and EU are using thresholds based on training compute--the number of computational operations used in training--to identify general-purpose artificial intelligence (GPAI) models that may pose risks of large-scale…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Lennart Heim , Leonie Koessler

In high-stakes disaster scenarios, timely and informed decision-making is critical yet often challenged by uncertainty, dynamic environments, and limited resources. This paper presents a systematic review of Human-AI collaboration patterns…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Emmanuel Adjei Domfeh , Christopher L. Dancy

Through iterative, cross-disciplinary discussions, we define and propose next-steps for Human-centered Generative AI (HGAI). We contribute a comprehensive research agenda that lays out future directions of Generative AI spanning three…

As AI systems advance and integrate into society, well-designed and transparent evaluations are becoming essential tools in AI governance, informing decisions by providing evidence about system capabilities and risks. Yet there remains a…

The European Union's Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act is set to be a landmark legal instrument for regulating AI technology. While stakeholders have primarily focused on the governance of fixed purpose AI applications (also known as narrow…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Risto Uuk , Carlos Ignacio Gutierrez , Alex Tamkin

Artificial intelligence develops techniques and systems whose performance must be evaluated on a regular basis in order to certify and foster progress in the discipline. We will describe and critically assess the different ways AI systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-23 Jose Hernandez-Orallo

This paper summarizes and evaluates various approaches, methods, and techniques for pursuing fairness in artificial intelligence (AI) systems. It examines the merits and shortcomings of these measures and proposes practical guidelines for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Arash Bateni , Matthew C. Chan , Ray Eitel-Porter

The AI Act's Article 53(1)(d) requires providers of general-purpose AI (GPAI) models to publish a sufficiently detailed public summary about the content used for training based on a template provided by the AI Office. The stated goal of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Dick A. H. Blankvoort , Harshvardhan J. Pandit , Maximilian Gahntz