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In Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks, achieving stealthy persistence within target systems is often crucial for an attacker's success. This persistence allows adversaries to maintain prolonged access, often evading detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Qi Liu , Muhammad Shoaib , Mati Ur Rehman , Kaibin Bao , Veit Hagenmeyer , Wajih Ul Hassan

APT, known as Advanced Persistent Threat, is a difficult challenge for cyber defence. These threats make many traditional defences ineffective as the vulnerabilities exploited by these threats are insiders who have access to and are within…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Mohammad Mamun , Kevin Shi

Web attacks are one of the major and most persistent forms of cyber threats, which bring huge costs and losses to web application-based businesses. Various detection methods, such as signature-based, machine learning-based, and deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Yonghang Zhou , Hongyi Zhu , Yidong Chai , Yuanchun Jiang , Yezheng Liu

Advanced persistent threats (APT) are stealthy cyber-attacks that are aimed at stealing valuable information from target organizations and tend to extend in time. Blocking all APTs is impossible, security experts caution, hence the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Ghita Berrada , James Cheney , Petko Valtchev

Despite recent advances in the accuracy of brain tumor segmentation, the results still suffer from low reliability and robustness. Uncertainty estimation is an efficient solution to this problem, as it provides a measure of confidence in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-15 Hao Li , Yang Nan , Javier Del Ser , Guang Yang

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attack usually refers to the form of long-term, covert and sustained attack on specific targets, with an adversary using advanced attack techniques to destroy the key facilities of an organization. APT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Tiantian Zhu , Jinkai Yu , Tieming Chen , Jiayu Wang , Jie Ying , Ye Tian , Mingqi Lv , Yan Chen , Yuan Fan , Ting Wang

Multi-stage threats like advanced persistent threats (APT) pose severe risks by stealing data and destroying infrastructure, with detection being challenging. APTs use novel attack vectors and evade signature-based detection by obfuscating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Florian Nelles , Abbas Yazdinejad , Ali Dehghantanha , Reza M. Parizi , Gautam Srivastava

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) have caused significant losses across a wide range of sectors, including the theft of sensitive data and harm to system integrity. As attack techniques grow increasingly sophisticated and stealthy, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Fei Zuo , Junghwan Rhee , Yung Ryn Choe

Reliably assessing model confidence in deep learning and predicting errors likely to be made are key elements in providing safety for model deployment, in particular for applications with dire consequences. In this paper, it is first shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Theodoros Tsiligkaridis

In the last decade, a new class of cyber-threats has emerged. This new cybersecurity adversary is known with the name of "Advanced Persistent Threat" (APT) and is referred to different organizations that in the last years have been "in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Giuseppe Laurenza , Riccardo Lazzeretti , Luca Mazzotti

Uncertainty estimation is a key factor that makes deep learning reliable in practical applications. Recently proposed evidential neural networks explicitly account for different uncertainties by treating the network's outputs as evidence to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Danruo Deng , Guangyong Chen , Yang Yu , Furui Liu , Pheng-Ann Heng

Evidential Deep Learning (EDL) is an emerging method for uncertainty estimation that provides reliable predictive uncertainty in a single forward pass, attracting significant attention. Grounded in subjective logic, EDL derives Dirichlet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Mengyuan Chen , Junyu Gao , Changsheng Xu

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness across a wide range of tasks such as semantic segmentation. Nevertheless, these networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that add imperceptible perturbations to the input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kira Maag , Roman Resner , Asja Fischer

Recent years have seen the rise of more sophisticated attacks including advanced persistent threats (APTs) which pose severe risks to organizations and governments by targeting confidential proprietary information. Additionally, new malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-11-26 Alina Oprea , Zhou Li , Ting-Fang Yen , Sang Chin , Sumayah Alrwais

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are sophisticated, targeted cyberattacks designed to gain unauthorized access to systems and remain undetected for extended periods. To evade detection, APT cyberattacks deceive defense layers with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Ngoc Hoang , Petko Valtchev , James Cheney , Talal Rahwan

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a sophisticated and persistent cy-bersecurity challenge, characterized by stealthy, multi-phase, and targeted attacks aimed at compromising information systems over an extended period.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Bassam Noori Shaker , Bahaa Al-Musawi , Mohammed Falih Hassan

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods assume that labeled data, unlabeled data and test data are from the same distribution. Open-set semi-supervised learning (Open-set SSL) considers a more practical scenario, where unlabeled data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yang Yu , Danruo Deng , Furui Liu , Yueming Jin , Qi Dou , Guangyong Chen , Pheng-Ann Heng

We propose UAPAR, an Uncertainty-Aware Pedestrian Attribute Recognition framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first EDL-based uncertainty-aware framework for pedestrian attribute recognition (PAR). Unlike conventional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zhuofan Lou , Shihang Zhang , Fangle Zhu , Shengjie Ye , Pingyu Wang

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is challenging to detect due to prolonged duration, infrequent occurrence, and adept concealment techniques. Existing approaches primarily concentrate on the observable traits of attack behaviors, neglecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Xiaoxiao Liu , Fan Xu , Nan Wang , Qinxin Zhao , Dalin Zhang , Xibin Zhao , Jiqiang Liu

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are prolonged, stealthy intrusions by skilled adversaries that compromise high-value systems to steal data or disrupt operations. Reconstructing complete attack chains from massive, heterogeneous logs is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rujie Dai , Peizhuo Lv , Yujiang Gui , Qiujian Lv , Yuanyuan Qiao , Yan Wang , Degang Sun , Weiqing Huang , Yingjiu Li , XiaoFeng Wang