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Mathematical theorem proving is an important testbed for large language models' deep and abstract reasoning capability. This paper focuses on improving LLMs' ability to write proofs in formal languages that permit automated proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kefan Dong , Arvind Mahankali , Tengyu Ma

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked considerable interest in automated theorem proving and a prominent line of research integrates stepwise LLM-based provers into tree search. In this paper, we introduce a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junyu Lai , Jiakun Zhang , Shuo Xu , Taolue Chen , Zihang Wang , Yao Yang , Jiarui Zhang , Chun Cao , Jingwei Xu

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

LLMs excel at reasoning, but validating their steps remains challenging. Formal verification offers a solution through mechanically checkable proofs. Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) dominate mathematical reasoning but require detailed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mantas Baksys , Stefan Zetzsche , Olivier Bouissou , Sean B. Holden

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be capable of impressive few-shot generalisation to new tasks. However, they still tend to perform poorly on multi-step logical reasoning problems. Here we carry out a comprehensive evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan , Irina Higgins

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across various domains but still struggle with arithmetic reasoning tasks. Recent work shows the effectiveness of prompt design methods in enhancing reasoning capabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Wenting Tan , Dongxiao Chen , Jieting Xue , Zihao Wang , Taijie Chen

With the rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly impacted a wide array of domains, including healthcare, engineering, science, education, and mathematical reasoning. Among these,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Afrar Jahin , Arif Hassan Zidan , Wei Zhang , Yu Bao , Tianming Liu

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) in formal languages remains a formidable challenge in AI, demanding rigorous logical deduction and navigating vast search spaces. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promising performance, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Zhenwen Liang , Linfeng Song , Yang Li , Tao Yang , Feng Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

LLM-based formal proof assistants (e.g., in Lean) hold great promise for automating mathematical discovery. But beyond syntactic correctness, do these systems truly understand mathematical structure as humans do? We investigate this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Haoyu Zhao , Yihan Geng , Shange Tang , Yong Lin , Bohan Lyu , Hongzhou Lin , Chi Jin , Sanjeev Arora

A key challenge in automated formal reasoning is the intractable search space, which grows exponentially with the depth of the proof. This branching is caused by the large number of candidate proof tactics which can be applied to a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Sean Lamont , Christian Walder , Amir Dezfouli , Paul Montague , Michael Norrish

We introduce Seed1.5-Thinking, capable of reasoning through thinking before responding, resulting in improved performance on a wide range of benchmarks. Seed1.5-Thinking achieves 86.7 on AIME 2024, 55.0 on Codeforces and 77.3 on GPQA,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 ByteDance Seed , : , Jiaze Chen , Tiantian Fan , Xin Liu , Lingjun Liu , Zhiqi Lin , Mingxuan Wang , Chengyi Wang , Xiangpeng Wei , Wenyuan Xu , Yufeng Yuan , Yu Yue , Lin Yan , Qiying Yu , Xiaochen Zuo , Chi Zhang , Ruofei Zhu , Zhecheng An , Zhihao Bai , Yu Bao , Xingyan Bin , Jiangjie Chen , Feng Chen , Hongmin Chen , Riwei Chen , Liangqiang Chen , Zixin Chen , Jinsong Chen , Siyan Chen , Kaiyuan Chen , Zhi Chen , Jin Chen , Jiecao Chen , Jinxin Chi , Weinan Dai , Ning Dai , Jiahui Dai , Shihan Dou , Yantao Du , Zhengyin Du , Jianhui Duan , Chen Dun , Ting-Han Fan , Jiazhan Feng , Junda Feng , Ziyuan Feng , Yuwei Fu , Wenqi Fu , Hanjie Fu , Hao Ge , Hongyi Guo , Mingji Han , Li Han , Wenhao Hao , Xintong Hao , Qianyu He , Jerry He , Feng He , Wen Heng , Zehua Hong , Qi Hou , Liang Hu , Shengding Hu , Nan Hu , Kai Hua , Qi Huang , Ziyue Huang , Hongzhi Huang , Zihao Huang , Ting Huang , Wenhao Huang , Wei Jia , Bin Jia , Xiaoying Jia , Yuhua Jiang , Haobin Jiang , Ziheng Jiang , Kaihua Jiang , Chengquan Jiang , Jianpeng Jiao , Xiaoran Jin , Xing Jin , Xunhao Lai , Zheng Li , Xiang Li , Liyi Li , Hongkai Li , Zheng Li , Shengxian Wan , Ya Wang , Yunshui Li , Chenggang Li , Niuniu Li , Siyu Li , Xi Li , Xiao Li , Aoyan Li , Yuntao Li , Nianning Liang , Xinnian Liang , Haibin Lin , Weijian Lin , Ye Lin , Zhicheng Liu , Guanlin Liu , Guanlin Liu , Chenxiao Liu , Yan Liu , Gaohong Liu , Juncai Liu , Chundian Liu , Deyi Liu , Kaibo Liu , Siyao Liu , Qi Liu , Yongfei Liu , Kang Liu , Gan Liu , Boyi Liu , Rui Long , Weiqiang Lou , Chenwei Lou , Xiang Luo , Yao Luo , Caiping Lv , Heyang Lv , Bole Ma , Qianli Ma , Hongzhi Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Jin Ma , Wenchang Ma , Tingting Ma , Chen Mao , Qiyang Min , Zhe Nan , Guanghan Ning , Jinxiang Ou , Haojie Pan , Renming Pang , Yanghua Peng , Tao Peng , Lihua Qian , Lihua Qian , Mu Qiao , Meng Qu , Cheng Ren , Hongbin Ren , Yong Shan , Wei Shen , Ke Shen , Kai Shen , Guangming Sheng , Jinlong Shi , Wenlei Shi , Guang Shi , Shuai Shuai Cao , Yuxin Song , Zuquan Song , Jing Su , Yifan Sun , Tao Sun , Zewei Sun , Borui Wan , Zihan Wang , Xiaohui Wang , Xi Wang , Shuguang Wang , Jun Wang , Qinlong Wang , Chenyuan Wang , Shuai Wang , Zihan Wang , Changbao Wang , Jiaqiang Wang , Shihang Wang , Xuwu Wang , Zaiyuan Wang , Yuxuan Wang , Wenqi Wang , Taiqing Wang , Chengzhi Wei , Houmin Wei , Ziyun Wei , Shufa Wei , Zheng Wu , Yonghui Wu , Yangjun Wu , Bohong Wu , Shuang Wu , Jingqiao Wu , Ning Wu , Shuangzhi Wu , Jianmin Wu , Chenguang Xi , Fan Xia , Yuqiao Xian , Liang Xiang , Boren Xiang , Bowen Xiao , Zhen Xiao , Xia Xiao , Yongsheng Xiao , Chao Xin , Shulin Xin , Yuwen Xiong , Jingjing Xu , Ziwen Xu , Chenyin Xu , Jiayi Xu , Yifan Xu , Wei Xu , Yufei Xu , Shikun Xu , Shipeng Yan , Shen Yan , Qingping Yang , Xi Yang , Tianhao Yang , Yuehang Yang , Yuan Yang , Ximing Yang , Zeyu Yang , Guang Yang , Yifan Yang , Xuesong Yao , Bairen Yi , Fan Yin , Jianian Yin , Ziqiang Ying , Xiangyu Yu , Hongli Yu , Song Yu , Menghan Yu , Huan Yu , Siyu Yuan , Jun Yuan , Yutao Zeng , Tianyang Zhan , Zheng Zhang , Yun Zhang , Mofan Zhang , Wang Zhang , Ru Zhang , Zhi Zhang , Tianqi Zhang , Xinyi Zhang , Zhexi Zhang , Sijun Zhang , Wenqiang Zhang , Xiangxiang Zhang , Yongtao Zhang , Yuyu Zhang , Ge Zhang , He Zhang , Yue Zhang , Renjie Zheng , Ningxin Zheng , Zhuolin Zheng , Yaowei Zheng , Chen Zheng , Xiaoyun Zhi , Wanjun Zhong , Cheng Zhong , Zheng Zhong , Baoquan Zhong , Xun Zhou , Na Zhou , Huan Zhou , Hang Zhu , Defa Zhu , Wenjia Zhu , Lei Zuo

We challenge the prevailing assumption that complex reasoning in large language models (LLMs) necessitates massive training data. We demonstrate that sophisticated mathematical reasoning can emerge with only a few examples. Specifically,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yixin Ye , Zhen Huang , Yang Xiao , Ethan Chern , Shijie Xia , Pengfei Liu

Automated theorem proving is essential for the formal verification of safety-critical systems. As the corpus of formal proofs grows, a natural paradigm is to learn from existing proofs. However, current learning-based approaches…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jian Fang , Yixun Yao , Yingfei Xiong

Theorem proving is a fundamental task in mathematics. With the advent of large language models (LLMs) and interactive theorem provers (ITPs) like Lean, there has been growing interest in integrating LLMs and ITPs to automate theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Rahul Vishwakarma , Subhankar Mishra

Unit tests play a vital role in the software development lifecycle. Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM)-based approaches have significantly improved automated test generation, garnering attention from both academia and industry.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Shuaiyu Zhou , Zhengran Zeng , Xiaoling Zhou , Rui Xie , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

We present Team asdfo123's submission to the LLMSR@XLLM25 shared task, which evaluates large language models on producing fine-grained, controllable, and interpretable reasoning processes. Systems must extract all problem conditions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xinye Li , Mingqi Wan , Dianbo Sui

Geometry problems are a crucial testbed for AI reasoning capabilities. Most existing geometry solving systems cannot express problems within a unified framework, thus are difficult to integrate with other mathematical fields. Besides, since…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Chendong Song , Zihan Wang , Frederick Pu , Haiming Wang , Xiaohan Lin , Junqi Liu , Jia Li , Zhengying Liu

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic reasoning capabilities that can emerge naturally when expanding the response space. However, the neural representation mechanisms underlying these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Zijian Wang , Chang Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in structured reasoning and symbolic tasks, with coding emerging as a particularly successful application. This progress has naturally motivated efforts to extend these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Andrea Asperti , Alberto Naibo , Claudio Sacerdoti Coen

Theorem proving is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, spanning from informal reasoning in natural language to rigorous derivations in formal systems. In recent years, the advancement of deep learning, especially the emergence of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zhaoyu Li , Jialiang Sun , Logan Murphy , Qidong Su , Zenan Li , Xian Zhang , Kaiyu Yang , Xujie Si