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This paper is an experimental exploration of the relationship between the runtimes of Turing machines and the length of proofs in formal axiomatic systems. We compare the number of halting Turing machines of a given size to the number of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-01-05 Hector Zenil

Existing neural network verifiers compute a proof that each input is handled correctly under a given perturbation by propagating a symbolic abstraction of reachable values at each layer. This process is repeated from scratch independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Marc Fischer , Christian Sprecher , Dimitar I. Dimitrov , Gagandeep Singh , Martin Vechev

Recent progress towards theoretical interpretability guarantees for AI has been made with classifiers that are based on interactive proof systems. A prover selects a certificate from the datapoint and sends it to a verifier who decides the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Stephan Wäldchen

In the certification problem, the algorithm is given a function $f$ with certificate complexity $k$ and an input $x^\star$, and the goal is to find a certificate of size $\le \text{poly}(k)$ for $f$'s value at $x^\star$. This problem is in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Guy Blanc , Caleb Koch , Jane Lange , Carmen Strassle , Li-Yang Tan

Rational verification refers to the problem of checking which temporal logic properties hold of a concurrent multiagent system, under the assumption that agents in the system choose strategies that form a game-theoretic equilibrium.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Julian Gutierrez , Muhammad Najib , Giuseppe Perelli , Michael Wooldridge

Despite the vast body of research literature proposing algorithms with formal guarantees, the amount of verifiable code in today's systems remains minimal. This discrepancy stems from the inherent difficulty of verifying code, particularly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Marco Chiesa

Local certification is a distributed mechanism enabling the nodes of a network to check the correctness of the current configuration, thanks to small pieces of information called certificates. For many classic global properties, like…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Nicolas Bousquet , Laurent Feuilloley , Sébastien Zeitoun

Large language models possess impressive capabilities in generating programs (e.g., Python) from natural language descriptions to execute robotic tasks. However, these generated programs often contain errors that violate externally given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yunhao Yang , Neel P. Bhatt , William Ward , Zichao Hu , Joydeep Biswas , Ufuk Topcu

We present a unified deductive verification framework for first-order temporal properties based on well-founded rankings, where verification conditions are discharged using SMT solvers. To that end, we introduce a novel reduction from…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Raz Lotan , Neta Elad , Oded Padon , Sharon Shoham

In this paper, we study the employment of $\Sigma_1$-sentences with certificates, i.e., $\Sigma_1$-sentences where a number of principles is added to ensure that the witness is sufficiently number-like. We develop certificates in some…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-06-03 Taishi Kurahashi , Albert Visser

We study the capabilities of probabilistic finite-state machines that act as verifiers for certificates of language membership for input strings, in the regime where the verifiers are restricted to toss some fixed nonzero number of coins…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-21 M. Utkan Gezer , A. C. Cem Say

Neural network verification tools currently support only a narrow class of specifications, typically expressed as low-level constraints over raw inputs and outputs. This limitation significantly hinders their adoption and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yizhak Y. Elboher , Reuven Peleg , Zhouxing Shi , Guy Katz , Jan Křetínský

In this paper we describe how to leverage higher-order unification to type check a dependently typed language with meta-variables. The literature usually presents the unification algorithm as a standalone component, however the need to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-10-03 Francesco Mazzoli , Andreas Abel

In various provers and deductive verification tools, logical transformations are used extensively in order to reduce a proof task into a number of simpler tasks. Logical transformations are often part of the trusted base of such tools. In…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Quentin Garchery

Machine learned models often must abide by certain requirements (e.g., fairness or legal). This has spurred interested in developing approaches that can provably verify whether a model satisfies certain properties. This paper introduces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Laurens Devos , Wannes Meert , Jesse Davis

The goal of local certification is to locally convince the vertices of a graph $G$ that $G$ satisfies a given property. A prover assigns short certificates to the vertices of the graph, then the vertices are allowed to check their…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Oscar Defrain , Louis Esperet , Aurélie Lagoutte , Pat Morin , Jean-Florent Raymond

Certifying verification algorithms not only return whether a given property holds or not, but also provide an accompanying independently checkable certificate and a corresponding witness. The certificate can be used to easily validate the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Christel Baier , Calvin Chau , Sascha Klüppelholz

Proposition. Let $f$ be a predictor trained on a distribution $P$ and evaluated on a shifted distribution $Q$. Under verifiable regularity and complexity constraints, the excess risk under shift admits an explicit upper bound determined by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Chandrasekhar Gokavarapu , Sudhakar Gadde , Y. Rajasekhar , S. R. Bhargava

We systematically investigate the complexity of model checking the existential positive fragment of first-order logic. In particular, for a set of existential positive sentences, we consider model checking where the sentence is restricted…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Hubie Chen

We investigate two problems for a class C of regular word languages. The C-membership problem asks for an algorithm to decide whether an input language belongs to C. The C-separation problem asks for an algorithm that, given as input two…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-01-06 Thomas Place , Marc Zeitoun