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We study the approximation-theoretic implications of mixture-of-experts architectures for operator learning, where the complexity of a single large neural operator is distributed across many small neural operators (NOs), and each input is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Anastasis Kratsios , Takashi Furuya , Jose Antonio Lara Benitez , Matti Lassas , Maarten de Hoop

Ocean current, fluid mechanics, and many other spatio-temporal physical dynamical systems are essential components of the universe. One key characteristic of such systems is that certain physics laws -- represented as ordinary/partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Yu Huang , James Li , Min Shi , Hanqi Zhuang , Xingquan Zhu , Laurent Chérubin , James VanZwieten , Yufei Tang

Nonlinear PDE solvers require fine space-time discretizations and local linearizations, leading to high memory cost and slow runtimes. Neural operators such as FNOs and DeepONets offer fast single-shot inference by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Yifei Sun

Scientific machine learning is increasingly used to build surrogate models, yet most models are trained under a restrictive assumption in which future data follow the same distribution as the training set. In practice, new experimental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Mahmoud Elhadidy , Roshan M. D'Souza , Amirhossein Arzani

Neural operators approximate PDE solution maps, but they need not respect the symmetries of the governing equation. In out-of-distribution (OOD) regimes, a standard neural operator must often learn coordinate alignment and physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiaxiao Xu , Changhong Mou , Yeyu Zhang , Fengxiang He

State space models (SSM) have recently been shown to be very effective as a deep learning layer as a promising alternative to sequence models such as RNNs, CNNs, or Transformers. The first version to show this potential was the S4 model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Ankit Gupta , Karan Goel , Christopher Ré

Simulating the dynamics of open quantum systems with spatial structure and external control is an important challenge in quantum information science. Classical numerical solvers for such systems require integrating coupled master and field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Dounan Du , Eden Figueroa

Neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs), one of the most influential works of the differential equation-based deep learning, are to continuously generalize residual networks and opened a new field. They are currently utilized for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Woojin Cho , Seunghyeon Cho , Hyundong Jin , Jinsung Jeon , Kookjin Lee , Sanghyun Hong , Dongeun Lee , Jonghyun Choi , Noseong Park

Neural operators (NOs) excel at learning mappings between function spaces, serving as efficient forward solution approximators for PDE-governed systems. However, as black-box solvers, they offer limited insight into the underlying physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ning Liu , Lu Zhang , Tian Gao , Yue Yu

The domain decomposition (DD) nonlinear-manifold reduced-order model (NM-ROM) represents a computationally efficient method for integrating underlying physics principles into a neural network-based, data-driven approach. Compared to linear…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-12-03 Ivan Zanardi , Alejandro N. Diaz , Seung Whan Chung , Marco Panesi , Youngsoo Choi

Reduced order modeling lowers the computational cost of solving PDEs by learning a low-order spatial representation from data and dynamically evolving these representations using manifold projections of the governing equations. While…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-07-10 Vedant Puri , Aviral Prakash , Levent Burak Kara , Yongjie Jessica Zhang

Data-driven methods have emerged as powerful tools for modeling the responses of complex nonlinear materials directly from experimental measurements. Among these methods, the data-driven constitutive models present advantages in physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Jihong Wang , Xiaochuan Tian , Zhongqiang Zhang , Stewart Silling , Siavash Jafarzadeh , Yue Yu

Selection of perefect parameters for low-pass filters can sometimes be an expensive problem with no analytical solution or differentiability of cost function. In this paper, we introduce a new PSO-inspired algorithm, that incorporates the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-20 Dmytro Shchyrba , Izabela Paniczek

Neural operators extend data-driven models to map between infinite-dimensional functional spaces. These models have successfully solved continuous dynamical systems represented by differential equations, viz weather forecasting, fluid flow,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Karn Tiwari , N M Anoop Krishnan , Prathosh A P

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are a kind of deep-learning-based numerical solvers for partial differential equations (PDEs). Existing PINNs often suffer from failure modes of being unable to propagate patterns of initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chenhui Xu , Dancheng Liu , Yuting Hu , Jiajie Li , Ruiyang Qin , Qingxiao Zheng , Jinjun Xiong

Recent developments in mechanical, aerospace, and structural engineering have driven a growing need for efficient ways to model and analyse structures at much larger and more complex scales than before. While established numerical methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Rui Wu , Nikola Kovachki , Burigede Liu

Neural operators are becoming the default tools to learn solutions to governing partial differential equations (PDEs) in weather and ocean forecasting applications. Despite early promising achievements, significant challenges remain,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Vahidreza Jahanmard , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Robinson Hordoir

Neural operators are a popular technique in scientific machine learning to learn a mathematical model of the behavior of unknown physical systems from data. Neural operators are especially useful to learn solution operators associated with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-08-05 Nicolas Boullé , Seick Kim , Tianyi Shi , Alex Townsend

Real-world scientific applications frequently encounter incomplete observational data due to sensor limitations, geographic constraints, or measurement costs. Although neural operators significantly advanced PDE solving in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jingren Hou , Hong Wang , Pengyu Xu , Chang Gao , Huafeng Liu , Liping Jing

Solving time-dependent Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) using a densely discretized spatial domain is a fundamental problem in various scientific and engineering disciplines, including modeling climate phenomena and fluid dynamics.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jan Hagnberger , Daniel Musekamp , Mathias Niepert