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Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Radio frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) is a promising technology to seamlessly charge low-power devices, but its low end-to-end power transfer efficiency remains a critical challenge. To address the latter, low-cost…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Amirhossein Azarbahram , Onel L. A. Lopez , Bruno Clerckx , Marco Di Renzo , Matti Latva-Aho

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the capacity of wireless communication links by passively beamforming the impinging signals in desired directions. This feature has been demonstrated both analytically and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Emil Björnson , Özlem Tuğfe Demir

In contrast to conventional RIS, the scattering matrix of a non-reciprocal RIS (NR-RIS) is non-symmetric, leading to differences in the uplink and the downlink components of NR-RIS cascaded channels. In this paper, a physically-consistent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Jiaqi Xu , Haoyu Wang , Rang Liu , Josef A. Nossek , A. Lee Swindlehurst

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a promising technology in wireless communications. Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting RIS (STAR-RISs) in particular have garnered significant attention due to their dual…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Chong Huang , Yun Wen , Long Zhang , Gaojie Chen , Zhen Gao , Pei Xiao

To enable non-line-of-sight (NLoS) sensing and communications, dual-function radar-communications (DFRC) systems have recently proposed employing reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) as a reflector in wireless media. However, in the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-09 Tong Wei , Linlong Wu , Kumar Vijay Mishra , M. R. Bhavani Shankar

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

This paper presents a novel approach for the joint design of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and a transmitter-receiver pair that are trained together as a set of deep neural networks (DNNs) to optimize the end-to-end…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Tugba Erpek , Yalin E. Sagduyu , Ahmed Alkhateeb , Aylin Yener

This letter proposes a movable beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (MA-BD-RIS) design, combining inter-element connectivity and movability for channel enhancement. We study a MA-BD-RIS assisted multi-user multiple input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Shuyue Xu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

A beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is an innovative type of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that has recently been proposed and is considered a revolutionary advancement in wave manipulation. Unlike the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Abd Ullah Khan , Uman Khalid , Trung Q. Duong , Hyundong Shin

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted considerable attention of both academia and industry in recent years, given its capacity to dynamically manipulate the reflection of incident electromagnetic waves. Although the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Pedro H. C. de Souza , Luciano Mendes

Following the promising beamforming gains offered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), a new hardware architecture, known as \emph{beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS)}, has recently been proposed. This architecture enables controllable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-02 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson

Full duplex (FD) radio has attracted extensive attention due to its co-time and co-frequency transceiving capability. {However, the potential gain brought by FD radios is closely related to the management of self-interference (SI), which…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Yingyang Chen , Yuncong Li , Miaowen Wen , Duoying Zhang , Bingli Jiao , Zhiguo Ding , Theodoros A. Tsiftsis , H. Vincent Poor

Integrating BD-RIS into wireless communications systems has attracted significant interest due to its transformative potential in enhancing system performance. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of BD-RIS technology, examining…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Omar Maraqa , Majid H. Khoshafa , Olutayo O. Oyerinde , Telex M. N. Ngatched

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are conventionally implemented as two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic (EM) structures to steer incident waves toward desired reflection angles. This approach limits the reflection to a single…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-16 Ruiqi Wang , Yiming Yang , Atif Shamim

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed recently as a novel and generalized RIS architecture that offers enhanced wave manipulation flexibility and large coverage expansion. However, the beyond-diagonal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao

Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RIS) has emerged as a promising evolution of RIS technology. By enabling interconnections between RIS elements, BD-RIS architectures offer greater flexibility in wave manipulation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Kangchun Zhao , Yijie Mao

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has recently been introduced to enable advanced control over electromagnetic waves to further increase the benefits of traditional RIS in enhancing signal quality and improving…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Binggui Zhou , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are envisioned as a promising technology for future wireless communication systems due to their ability to control the propagation environment in a hardware- and energy-efficient way. Recently, the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Zheyu Wu , Bruno Clerckx