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Leading models for the text-to-SQL task heavily rely on proprietary Large Language Models (LLMs), posing concerns over data privacy. Closing the performance gap between small open-source models and large proprietary models is crucial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Mohammadreza Pourreza , Davood Rafiei

Given the growing trend of many organizations integrating Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) into their operations, we assess RAG on domain-specific data and test state-of-the-art models across various optimization techniques. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Anum Afzal , Juraj Vladika , Gentrit Fazlija , Andrei Staradubets , Florian Matthes

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising technique for mitigating two key limitations of large language models (LLMs): outdated information and hallucinations. RAG system stores documents as embedding vectors in a database. Given…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Taehee Jeong , Xingzhe Zhao , Peizu Li , Markus Valvur , Weihua Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with the precise logic and schema alignment required for complex Text-to-SQL tasks. While current methods rely heavily on static prompting, they lack the ability to dynamically adapt and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haolin Yang , Jipeng Zhang , Zhitao He , Alexander Zhou , Yi R. Fung

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has accelerated the long-standing goal of enabling natural language querying over complex, hybrid databases. Yet, this ambition exposes a dual challenge: reasoning jointly over structured,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Aymane Hassini

Embedding-based retrieval models have made significant strides in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) techniques for text and multimodal large language models (LLMs) applications. However, when it comes to speech larage language models…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Chunyu Sun , Bingyu Liu , Zhichao Cui , Junhan Shi , Anbin Qi , Tian-hao Zhang , Dinghao Zhou , Lewei Lu

In this article, we evaluate four Large Language Models (LLMs) and their effectiveness at retrieving data within a specialized Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system, using a comprehensive food composition database. Our method is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Maks Požarnik Vavken , Matevž Ogrinc , Tome Eftimov , Barbara Koroušić Seljak

Text-to-SQL bridges the gap between natural language and structured database language, thus allowing non-technical users to easily query databases. Traditional approaches model text-to-SQL as a direct translation task, where a given Natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anurag Tripathi , Vaibhav Patle , Abhinav Jain , Ayush Pundir , Sairam Menon , Ajeet Kumar Singh , Dorien Herremans

Enterprises often own large collections of structured data in the form of large databases or an enterprise data lake. Such data collections come with limited metadata and strict access policies that could limit access to the data contents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Elita Lobo , Oktie Hassanzadeh , Nhan Pham , Nandana Mihindukulasooriya , Dharmashankar Subramanian , Horst Samulowitz

Unstructured data formats account for over 80% of the data currently stored, and extracting value from such formats remains a considerable challenge. In particular, current approaches for managing unstructured documents do not support…

The Text-to-SQL task translates natural language questions into SQL queries, enabling intuitive database interaction for non-experts. While recent methods leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance, their reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shengmin Piao , Jieun Lee , Sanghyun Park

Relational databases excel at structured data analysis, but real-world queries increasingly require capabilities beyond standard SQL, such as semantically matching entities across inconsistent names, extracting information not explicitly…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yin Lin , Tianjing Zeng , Zhongjun Ding , Rong Zhu , Bolin Ding , H. V. Jagadish , Jingren Zhou

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems commonly use chunking strategies for retrieval, which enhance large language models (LLMs) by enabling them to access external knowledge, ensuring that the retrieved information is up-to-date and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hai Toan Nguyen , Tien Dat Nguyen , Viet Ha Nguyen

Document understanding is critical for applications from financial analysis to scientific discovery. Current approaches, whether OCR-based pipelines feeding Large Language Models (LLMs) or native Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), face key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sensen Gao , Shanshan Zhao , Xu Jiang , Lunhao Duan , Yong Xien Chng , Qing-Guo Chen , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Jia-Wang Bian , Mingming Gong

With advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), a major use case that has emerged is querying databases in plain English, translating user questions into executable database queries, which has improved significantly. However, real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Pratyush Kumar , Kuber Vijaykumar Bellad , Bharat Vadlamudi , Aman Chadha

Large language models (LLMs) achieve optimal utility when their responses are grounded in external knowledge sources. However, real-world documents, such as annual reports, scientific papers, and clinical guidelines, frequently combine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Chi Zhang , Qiyang Chen , Mengqi Zhang

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique used to augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with contextually relevant, time-critical, or domain-specific information without altering the underlying model parameters. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Laurent Mombaerts , Terry Ding , Adi Banerjee , Florian Felice , Jonathan Taws , Tarik Borogovac

Text-to-SQL, which translates a natural language question into an SQL query, has advanced with in-context learning of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing methods show little improvement in performance compared to randomly chosen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jihyung Lee , Jin-Seop Lee , Jaehoon Lee , YunSeok Choi , Jee-Hyong Lee

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

The data-centric paradigm has emerged as a pivotal direction in artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing the role of high-quality training data. This shift is especially critical in the Text-to-SQL task, where the scarcity, limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Qifeng Cai , Hao Liang , Chang Xu , Tao Xie , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui