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Learning-based Android malware detectors degrade over time due to natural distribution drift caused by malware variants and new families. This paper systematically investigates the challenges classifiers trained with empirical risk…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Xinran Zheng , Shuo Yang , Edith C. H. Ngai , Suman Jana , Lorenzo Cavallaro

Accurate Android malware detection was critical for protecting users at scale. Signature scanners lagged behind fast release cycles on public app stores. We aimed to build a trustworthy detector by pairing a comprehensive dataset with a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Md Min-Ha-Zul Abedin , Tazqia Mehrub

With the wide application of machine learning algorithms to the real world, class imbalance and concept drift have become crucial learning issues. Class imbalance happens when the data categories are not equally represented, i.e., at least…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Shuo Wang , Leandro L. Minku , Nitesh Chawla , Xin Yao

Machine learning based malware detectors become obsolete over time due to concept drift in benign and malware applications. Recent methods rely on fully labeled data and use hierarchical contrastive loss (HCL) with active learning to…

Smartphones have become an intrinsic part of human's life. The smartphone unifies diverse advanced characteristics. It enables users to store various data such as photos, health data, credential bank data, and personal information. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Abdelmonim Naway , Yuancheng Li

Mobile malware has been growing in scale and complexity spurred by the unabated uptake of smartphones worldwide. Android is fast becoming the most popular mobile platform resulting in sharp increase in malware targeting the platform.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-23 Suleiman Y. Yerima , Sakir Sezer , Gavin McWilliams

Analyzing a huge amount of malware is a major burden for security analysts. Since emerging malware is often a variant of existing malware, automatically classifying malware into known families greatly reduces a part of their burden.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Rikima Mitsuhashi , Takahiro Shinagawa

ML-enabled systems that are deployed in a production environment typically suffer from decaying model prediction quality through concept drift, i.e., a gradual change in the statistical characteristics of a certain real-world domain. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Rafiullah Omar , Justus Bogner , Joran Leest , Vincenzo Stoico , Patricia Lago , Henry Muccini

Many methods have been proposed to detect concept drift, i.e., the change in the distribution of streaming data, due to concept drift causes a decrease in the prediction accuracy of algorithms. However, the most of current detection methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Hang Yu , Tianyu Liu , Jie Lu , Guangquan Zhang

Android malware detection is a critical step towards building a security credible system. Especially, manual search for the potential malicious code has plagued program analysts for a long time. In this paper, we propose Droidetec, a deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Zhuo Ma , Haoran Ge , Zhuzhu Wang , Yang Liu , Ximeng Liu

Continuous learning from streaming data is among the most challenging topics in the contemporary machine learning. In this domain, learning algorithms must not only be able to handle massive volumes of rapidly arriving data, but also adapt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Łukasz Korycki , Bartosz Krawczyk

Malware evolves rapidly, forcing machine learning (ML)-based detectors to adapt continuously. With antivirus vendors processing hundreds of thousands of new samples daily, datasets can grow to billions of examples, making full retraining…

We introduce Class Distribution Monitoring (CDM), an effective concept-drift detection scheme that monitors the class-conditional distributions of a datastream. In particular, our solution leverages multiple instances of an online and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Diego Stucchi , Luca Frittoli , Giacomo Boracchi

Thousands of malicious applications targeting mobile devices, including the popular Android platform, are created every day. A large number of those applications are created by a small number of professional under-ground actors, however…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Hyunjae Kang , Jae-wook Jang , Aziz Mohaisen , Huy Kang Kim

Drift in machine learning refers to the phenomenon where the statistical properties of data or context, in which the model operates, change over time leading to a decrease in its performance. Therefore, maintaining a constant monitoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Saeed Khaki , Akhouri Abhinav Aditya , Zohar Karnin , Lan Ma , Olivia Pan , Samarth Marudheri Chandrashekar

Machine learning approaches for image classification have led to impressive advances in that field. For example, convolutional neural networks are able to achieve remarkable image classification accuracy across a wide range of applications…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-30 Christopher T. Franck , Anne R. Driscoll , Zoe Szajnfarber , William H. Woodall

Predictive models often degrade in performance due to evolving data distributions, a phenomenon known as data drift. Among its forms, concept drift, where the relationship between explanatory variables and the response variable changes, is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-18 Ugur Dar , Mustafa Cavus

Android is currently the most extensively used smartphone platform in the world. Due to its popularity and open source nature, Android malware has been rapidly growing in recent years, and bringing great risks to users' privacy. The malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Wenhao fan , Liang Zhao , Jiayang Wang , Ye Chen , Fan Wu , Yuan'an Liu

In the current cybersecurity landscape, protecting military devices such as communication and battlefield management systems against sophisticated cyber attacks is crucial. Malware exploits vulnerabilities through stealth methods, often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Pedro Miguel Sánchez Sánchez , Alberto Huertas Celdrán , Gérôme Bovet , Gregorio Martínez Pérez

It is well-known that Android malware constantly evolves so as to evade detection. This causes the entire malware population to be non-stationary. Contrary to this fact, most of the prior works on Machine Learning based Android malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-07 Annamalai Narayanan , Mahinthan Chandramohan , Lihui Chen , Yang Liu