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Natural language question answering (QA) over structured data sources such as tables and knowledge graphs have been widely investigated, especially with Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years. The main solutions include question to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Wen Zhang , Long Jin , Yushan Zhu , Jiaoyan Chen , Zhiwei Huang , Junjie Wang , Yin Hua , Lei Liang , Huajun Chen

Multimodal/vision language models (VLMs) are increasingly being deployed in healthcare settings worldwide, necessitating robust benchmarks to ensure their safety, efficacy, and fairness. Multiple-choice question and answer (QA) datasets…

Open-ended question answering (QA) evaluates a model's ability to perform contextualized reasoning beyond factual recall. This challenge is especially acute in practice-based domains, where knowledge is procedural and grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Si Chen , Le Huy Khiem , Annalisa Szymanski , Ronald Metoyer , Ting Hua , Nitesh V. Chawla

Recent advancements in large language model(LLM) performance on medical multiple choice question (MCQ) benchmarks have stimulated interest from healthcare providers and patients globally. Particularly in low-and middle-income countries…

Community-based Question Answering (CQA) sites play an important role in addressing health information needs. However, a significant number of posted questions remain unanswered. Automatically answering the posted questions can provide a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-05 Papis Wongchaisuwat , Diego Klabjan , Siddhartha R. Jonnalagadda

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) show promise for scientific applications, yet open-source models still struggle with Scientific Visual Question Answering (SVQA), namely answering questions about figures from scientific papers. A key…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yuyi Li , Daoyuan Chen , Zhen Wang , Yutong Lu , Yaliang Li

Question Answering (QA) on narrative text poses a unique challenge to current systems, requiring a deep understanding of long, complex documents. However, the reliability of NarrativeQA, the most widely used benchmark in this domain, is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Tommaso Bonomo , Luca Gioffré , Roberto Navigli

When immigrating to a new country, it is easy to feel overwhelmed by the need to obtain information on financial support, housing, schooling, language courses, and other issues. If relocation is rushed or even forced, the necessity for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Steffen Kleinle , Jakob Prange , Annemarie Friedrich

Tabular data embedded in PDF files, web pages, and other types of documents is prevalent in various domains. These tables, which we call human-centric tables (HCTs for short), are dense in information but often exhibit complex structural…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled in multi-hop question-answering (M-QA) due to their advanced reasoning abilities. However, the impact of the inherent reasoning structures on LLM M-QA performance remains unclear, largely due to…

Open-domain question answering (QA) is the tasl of identifying answers to natural questions from a large corpus of documents. The typical open-domain QA system starts with information retrieval to select a subset of documents from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Sina J. Semnani , Manish Pandey

While visual question-answering (VQA) benchmarks have catalyzed the development of reasoning techniques, they have focused on vertical thinking. Effective problem-solving also necessitates lateral thinking, which remains understudied in AI…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Koen Kraaijveld , Yifan Jiang , Kaixin Ma , Filip Ilievski

Medical question answering (QA) benchmarks often focus on multiple-choice or fact-based tasks, leaving open-ended answers to real patient questions underexplored. This gap is particularly critical in mental health, where patient questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yahan Li , Jifan Yao , John Bosco S. Bunyi , Adam C. Frank , Angel Hsing-Chi Hwang , Ruishan Liu

Large language models (LLMs) and vision-augmented LLMs (VLMs) have significantly advanced medical informatics, diagnostics, and decision support. However, these models exhibit systematic biases, particularly age bias, compromising their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Adil Bahaj , Oumaima Fadi , Mohamed Chetouani , Mounir Ghogho

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to cybersecurity question answering (QA) for critical tasks such as incident response and vulnerability analysis. However, real-world operational contexts, including system logs and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Matilda Gaddi , Jin Noh , Onat Gungor , Tajana Rosing

Evaluating free-form Question Answering (QA) remains a challenge due to its diverse and open-ended nature. Traditional automatic metrics fail to capture semantic equivalence or accommodate the variability of open-ended responses. Leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Moamen Moustafa , Hassan Sajjad

Visual question answering (VQA) in medical imaging aims to support clinical diagnosis by automatically interpreting complex imaging data in response to natural language queries. Existing studies typically rely on distinct visual and textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yuanhe Tian , Chen Su , Junwen Duan , Yan Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive generation capabilities, but they suffer from hallucinations when solely relying on their internal knowledge, especially when answering questions that require less commonly known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Wenting Zhao , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Yao Wan , Philip S. Yu , Shafiq Joty , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Long-Form Question Answering (LFQA) involves generating comprehensive, paragraph-level responses to open-ended questions, which poses a significant challenge for evaluation due to the richness of information and flexible response format.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuchen Fan , Chen Lin , Xin Zhong , Shuo Zhang , Heng Zhou , Yuchen Zhang , Mingyu Liang , Chengxing Xie , Ermo Hua , Gang Chen , Zhizhou He , Cheng Huang , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

We introduce a professionally translated extension of the TruthfulQA benchmark designed to evaluate truthfulness in Basque, Catalan, Galician, and Spanish. Truthfulness evaluations of large language models (LLMs) have primarily been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Blanca Calvo Figueras , Eneko Sagarzazu , Julen Etxaniz , Jeremy Barnes , Pablo Gamallo , Iria de-Dios-Flores , Rodrigo Agerri