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Although the Indonesian language is spoken by almost 200 million people and the 10th most spoken language in the world, it is under-represented in NLP research. Previous work on Indonesian has been hampered by a lack of annotated datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Fajri Koto , Afshin Rahimi , Jey Han Lau , Timothy Baldwin

We present IndoNLI, the first human-elicited NLI dataset for Indonesian. We adapt the data collection protocol for MNLI and collect nearly 18K sentence pairs annotated by crowd workers and experts. The expert-annotated data is used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Rahmad Mahendra , Alham Fikri Aji , Samuel Louvan , Fahrurrozi Rahman , Clara Vania

Although Indonesian is known to be the fourth most frequently used language over the internet, the research progress on this language in the natural language processing (NLP) is slow-moving due to a lack of available resources. In response,…

Indonesian, spoken by over 200 million people, remains underserved in multimodal emotion recognition research despite its dominant presence on Southeast Asian social media platforms. We introduce IndoMER, the first multimodal emotion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Xueming Yan , Boyan Xu , Yaochu Jin , Lixian Xiao , Wenlong Ye , Runyang Cai , Zeqi Zheng , Jingfa Liu , Aimin Yang , Yongduan Song

Natural language processing (NLP) has a significant impact on society via technologies such as machine translation and search engines. Despite its success, NLP technology is only widely available for high-resource languages such as English…

NLP research is impeded by a lack of resources and awareness of the challenges presented by underrepresented languages and dialects. Focusing on the languages spoken in Indonesia, the second most linguistically diverse and the fourth most…

Natural language generation (NLG) benchmarks provide an important avenue to measure progress and develop better NLG systems. Unfortunately, the lack of publicly available NLG benchmarks for low-resource languages poses a challenging barrier…

Automatic text summarization is generally considered as a challenging task in the NLP community. One of the challenges is the publicly available and large dataset that is relatively rare and difficult to construct. The problem is even worse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-21 Kemal Kurniawan , Samuel Louvan

Although region-specific large language models (LLMs) are increasingly developed, their safety remains underexplored, particularly in culturally diverse settings like Indonesia, where sensitivity to local norms is essential and highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Muhammad Falensi Azmi , Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Alfan Farizki Wicaksono , Fajri Koto

As one of the world's most populous countries, with 700 languages spoken, Indonesia is behind in terms of NLP progress. We introduce LoraxBench, a benchmark that focuses on low-resource languages of Indonesia and covers 6 diverse tasks:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

Although large language models (LLMs) are often pre-trained on large-scale multilingual texts, their reasoning abilities and real-world knowledge are mainly evaluated based on English datasets. Assessing LLM capabilities beyond English is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Fajri Koto , Nurul Aisyah , Haonan Li , Timothy Baldwin

There is an emerging effort to develop NLP for Indonesias 700+ local languages, but progress remains costly due to the need for direct engagement with native speakers. However, it is unclear what these language communities truly need from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Lucky Susanto , Derry Wijaya , Fajri Koto

Multimodal learning on video and text has seen significant progress, particularly in tasks like text-to-video retrieval, video-to-text retrieval, and video captioning. However, most existing methods and datasets focus exclusively on…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Willy Fitra Hendria

At the center of the underlying issues that halt Indonesian natural language processing (NLP) research advancement, we find data scarcity. Resources in Indonesian languages, especially the local ones, are extremely scarce and…

Determining whether a piece of text is relevant to a given topic is a fundamental task in natural language processing, yet it remains largely unexplored for Bahasa Indonesia. Unlike sentiment analysis or named entity recognition, relevancy…

Indonesia's linguistic landscape is remarkably diverse, encompassing over 700 languages and dialects, making it one of the world's most linguistically rich nations. This diversity, coupled with the widespread practice of code-switching and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Wilson Wongso , David Samuel Setiawan , Steven Limcorn , Ananto Joyoadikusumo

Task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems have been mostly created for high-resource languages, such as English and Chinese. However, there is a need to develop ToD systems for other regional or local languages to broaden their ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Rahmah Khoirussyifa' Nurdini , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Genta Indra Winata , Ayu Purwarianti

Recently there have been intensifying efforts to improve the understanding of Indonesian cultures by large language models (LLMs). An attractive source of cultural knowledge that has been largely overlooked is local journals of social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Adimulya Kartiyasa , Bao Gia Cao , Boyang Li

Hate speech poses a significant threat to social harmony. Over the past two years, Indonesia has seen a ten-fold increase in the online hate speech ratio, underscoring the urgent need for effective detection mechanisms. However, progress is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lucky Susanto , Musa Izzanardi Wijanarko , Prasetia Anugrah Pratama , Traci Hong , Ika Idris , Alham Fikri Aji , Derry Wijaya

Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable human-like capability in various domains and languages. However, a notable quality gap arises in low-resource languages, e.g., Indonesian indigenous languages, rendering them ineffective and…

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