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Most evaluations of autonomous driving policies under adversarial conditions are conducted in simulation, due to cost efficiency and the absence of physical risk. However, purely virtual testing fails to capture structural inconsistencies,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Adithya Mohan , Xujun Xie , Venkatesh Thirugnana Sambandham , Torsten Schön

Unsignalized intersections are typically considered as one of the most representative and challenging scenarios for self-driving vehicles. To tackle autonomous driving problems in such scenarios, this paper proposes a curriculum proximal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Zengqi Peng , Xiao Zhou , Yubin Wang , Lei Zheng , Ming Liu , Jun Ma

Vision-language models (VLMs) have significantly advanced autonomous driving (AD) by enhancing reasoning capabilities. However, these models remain highly vulnerable to adversarial attacks. While existing research has primarily focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Tianyuan Zhang , Lu Wang , Xinwei Zhang , Yitong Zhang , Boyi Jia , Siyuan Liang , Shengshan Hu , Qiang Fu , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and autonomous driving technologies has significantly propelled the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, psychological barriers continue to impede widespread AV adoption,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yandika Sirgabsou , Benjamin Hardin , François Leblanc , Efi Raili , Pericle Salvini , David Jackson , Marina Jirotka , Lars Kunze

This paper introduces CRITICAL, a novel closed-loop framework for autonomous vehicle (AV) training and testing. CRITICAL stands out for its ability to generate diverse scenarios, focusing on critical driving situations that target specific…

Generating diverse and comprehensive interacting agents to evaluate the decision-making modules is essential for the safe and robust planning of autonomous vehicles~(AV). Due to efficiency and safety concerns, most researchers choose to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Zhao-Heng Yin , Lingfeng Sun , Liting Sun , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Wei Zhan

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) can significantly promote the advances in road transport mobility in terms of safety, reliability, and decarbonization. However, ensuring safety and efficiency in interactive during within dynamic and diverse…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Zhen Tian , Zhihao Lin , Dezong Zhao , Wenjing Zhao , David Flynn , Shuja Ansari , Chongfeng Wei

Unanswered questions about how human-AV interaction designers can support rider's informational needs hinders Autonomous Vehicles (AV) adoption. To achieve joint human-AV action goals - such as safe transportation, trust, or learning from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Robert Kaufman , David Kirsh , Nadir Weibel

To improve the security and robustness of autonomous driving models, this paper presents SMET, a scenariobased metamorphic testing tool for autonomous driving models. The metamorphic relationship is divided into three dimensions (time,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Haiyang Ao , Ya Pan

Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xingyu Zhao , Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou , Chih-Hong Cheng , Peter Popov , Lorenzo Strigini

Defense models against adversarial attacks have grown significantly, but the lack of practical evaluation methods has hindered progress. Evaluation can be defined as looking for defense models' lower bound of robustness given a budget…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Ye Liu , Yaya Cheng , Lianli Gao , Xianglong Liu , Qilong Zhang , Jingkuan Song

Uncovering potential failure cases is a crucial step in the validation of safety critical systems such as autonomous vehicles. Failure search may be done through logging substantial vehicle miles in either simulation or real world testing.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Peter Du , Katherine Driggs-Campbell

During the development of autonomous systems such as driverless cars, it is important to characterize the scenarios that are most likely to result in failure. Adaptive Stress Testing (AST) provides a way to search for the most-likely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Mark Koren , Mykel Kochenderfer

Current autonomous vehicle (AV) simulators are built to provide large-scale testing required to prove capabilities under varied conditions in controlled, repeatable fashion. However, they have certain failings including the need for user…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Arpan Kusari , Pei Li , Hanzhi Yang , Nikhil Punshi , Mich Rasulis , Scott Bogard , David J. LeBlanc

The operational space of an autonomous vehicle (AV) can be diverse and vary significantly. This may lead to a scenario that was not postulated in the design phase. Due to this, formulating a rule based decision maker for selecting maneuvers…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Subramanya Nageshrao , Eric Tseng , Dimitar Filev

This paper presents a scenario generation framework that creates diverse, parametrized, and safety-critical driving situations to validate the safety features of autonomous vehicles in simulation [15]. By modeling factors such as road…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Kiruthiga Chandra Shekar , Aliasghar Moj Arab

Driver models play a vital role in developing and verifying autonomous vehicles (AVs). Previously, they are mainly applied in traffic flow simulation to model driver behavior. With the development of AVs, driver models attract much…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Cheng Wang , Fengwei Guo , Ruilin Yu , Luyao Wang , Yuxin Zhang

Although autonomous control of robotic manipulators has been studied for several decades, they are not commonly used in safety-critical applications due to lack of safety and performance guarantees - many of them concerning the modulation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Lasitha Wijayarathne , Frank L. Hammond

Validating the safety of autonomous systems generally requires the use of high-fidelity simulators that adequately capture the variability of real-world scenarios. However, it is generally not feasible to exhaustively search the space of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Mark Koren , Ahmed Nassar , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Trajectory prediction is a key element of autonomous vehicle systems, enabling them to anticipate and react to the movements of other road users. Evaluating the robustness of prediction models against adversarial attacks is essential to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Julian F. Schumann , Jeroen Hagenus , Frederik Baymler Mathiesen , Arkady Zgonnikov