English
Related papers

Related papers: Transformers as Unrolled Inference in Probabilisti…

200 papers

The Transformer architecture has achieved tremendous success in natural language processing, computer vision, and scientific computing through its self-attention mechanism. However, its core components-positional encoding and attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Xianshuai Shi , Jianfeng Zhu , Leibo Liu

This is a tutorial and survey paper for nonlinear dimensionality and feature extraction methods which are based on the Laplacian of graph of data. We first introduce adjacency matrix, definition of Laplacian matrix, and the interpretation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-09 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Interpreting the decisions of complex computer vision models is crucial to establish trust and accountability, especially in safety-critical domains. An established approach to interpretability is generating visual attribution maps that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 David Schinagl , Christian Fruhwirth-Reisinger , Alexander Prutsch , Samuel Schulter , Horst Possegger

We introduce Attention Graphs, a new tool for mechanistic interpretability of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Graph Transformers based on the mathematical equivalence between message passing in GNNs and the self-attention mechanism in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Batu El , Deepro Choudhury , Pietro Liò , Chaitanya K. Joshi

At present, the mechanisms of in-context learning in Transformers are not well understood and remain mostly an intuition. In this paper, we suggest that training Transformers on auto-regressive objectives is closely related to…

The powerful modeling capabilities of all-attention-based transformer architectures often cause overfitting and - for natural language processing tasks - lead to an implicitly learned internal language model in the autoregressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Timo Lohrenz , Björn Möller , Zhengyang Li , Tim Fingscheidt

Transformers have recently been shown to be capable of reliably performing logical reasoning over facts and rules expressed in natural language, but abductive reasoning - inference to the best explanation of an unexpected observation - has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Nathan Young , Qiming Bao , Joshua Bensemann , Michael Witbrock

While conventional Transformers generally operate on sequence data, they can be used in conjunction with structure models, typically SE(3)-invariant or equivariant graph neural networks (GNNs), for 3D applications such as protein structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Isaac Ellmen , Constantin Schneider , Matthew I. J. Raybould , Charlotte M. Deane

This study explores the combination of automated machine learning (AutoML) with model-based deep unfolding (DU) for optimizing wireless beamforming and waveforms. We convert the iterative proximal gradient descent (PGD) algorithm into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Ahmet Kaplan

In this paper, I introduce the retrieval problem, a simple yet common reasoning task that can be solved only by transformers with a minimum number of layers, which grows logarithmically with the input size. I empirically show that large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tiberiu Musat

This paper presents a mathematical interpretation of self-attention by connecting it to distributional semantics principles. We show that self-attention emerges from projecting corpus-level co-occurrence statistics into sequence context.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Nihal Mehta

Accurate classification of medical device risk levels is essential for regulatory oversight and clinical safety. We present a Transformer-based multimodal framework that integrates textual descriptions and visual information to predict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Yu Han , Aaron Ceross , Jeroen H. M. Bergmann

This paper reveals a novel linear characteristic exclusive to transformer decoders, including models such as GPT, LLaMA, OPT, BLOOM and others. We analyze embedding transformations between sequential layers, uncovering a near-perfect linear…

What computational structures emerge in transformers trained on next-token prediction? In this work, we provide evidence that transformers implement constrained Bayesian belief updating -- a parallelized version of partial Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Mateusz Piotrowski , Paul M. Riechers , Daniel Filan , Adam S. Shai

Many machine learning tasks such as multiple instance learning, 3D shape recognition, and few-shot image classification are defined on sets of instances. Since solutions to such problems do not depend on the order of elements of the set,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Juho Lee , Yoonho Lee , Jungtaek Kim , Adam R. Kosiorek , Seungjin Choi , Yee Whye Teh

Transformers owe much of their empirical success in natural language processing to the self-attention blocks. Recent perspectives interpret attention blocks as interacting particle systems, whose mean-field limits correspond to gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Viktor Stein , Wuchen Li , Gabriele Steidl

In this paper we delve deep in the Transformer architecture by investigating two of its core components: self-attention and contextual embeddings. In particular, we study the identifiability of attention weights and token embeddings, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Gino Brunner , Yang Liu , Damián Pascual , Oliver Richter , Massimiliano Ciaramita , Roger Wattenhofer

Transformer-based language models significantly advanced the state-of-the-art in many linguistic tasks. As this revolution continues, the ability to explain model predictions has become a major area of interest for the NLP community. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Oren Barkan , Edan Hauon , Avi Caciularu , Ori Katz , Itzik Malkiel , Omri Armstrong , Noam Koenigstein

We introduce a new approach to prediction in graphical models with latent-shift adaptation, i.e., where source and target environments differ in the distribution of an unobserved confounding latent variable. Previous work has shown that as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-26 William I. Walker , Arthur Gretton , Maneesh Sahani

Many neural network architectures are known to be Turing Complete, and can thus, in principle implement arbitrary algorithms. However, Transformers are unique in that they can implement gradient-based learning algorithms under simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xiang Cheng , Yuxin Chen , Suvrit Sra