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The merit of projecting data onto linear subspaces is well known from, e.g., dimension reduction. One key aspect of subspace projections, the maximum preservation of variance (principal component analysis), has been thoroughly researched…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Erik Thordsen , Erich Schubert

Dimensionality reduction methods, also known as projections, are frequently used for exploring multidimensional data in machine learning, data science, and information visualization. Among these, t-SNE and its variants have become very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Mateus Espadoto , Nina S. T. Hirata , Alexandru C. Telea

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) methods are widely used to visualize high-dimensional data. One key task in DR-based analysis is discovering neighborhoods, which relies on analyzing the fine-grained local structure of a projection. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Diede P. M. van der Hoorn , Alessio Arleo , Fernando V. Paulovich

This work covers multiple aspects of overt visual attention on 3D renders: measurement, projection, visualization, and application to studying the influence of material appearance on looking behaviour. In the scope of this work, we ran an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Oleksii Sidorov , Joshua S. Harvey , Hannah E. Smithson , Jon Y. Hardeberg

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques map high-dimensional data into lower-dimensional spaces. Yet, current DR techniques are not designed to explore semantic structure that is not directly available in the form of variables or class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Artur André Oliveira , Mateus Espadoto , Roberto Hirata , Roberto M. Cesar , Alex C. Telea

Dimensionality reduction is used as an important tool for unraveling the complexities of high-dimensional datasets in many fields of science, such as cell biology, chemical informatics, and physics. Visualizations of the dimensionally…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Dylan Cashman , Mark Keller , Hyeon Jeon , Bum Chul Kwon , Qianwen Wang

An effective technique for obtaining high-quality representations is adding a projection head on top of the encoder during training, then discarding it and using the pre-projection representations. Despite its proven practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Yihao Xue , Eric Gan , Jiayi Ni , Siddharth Joshi , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

An analysis of high-dimensional data can offer a detailed description of a system but is often challenged by the curse of dimensionality. General dimensionality reduction techniques can alleviate such difficulty by extracting a few…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-28 Di Bo , Hoon Hwangbo , Vinit Sharma , Corey Arndt , Stephanie C. TerMaath

Research on cognitive biases and heuristics has become increasingly popular in the visualization literature in recent years. Researchers have studied the effects of biases on visualization interpretation and subsequent decision-making.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Ali Baigelenov , Prakash Shukla , Zixu Zhang , Paul Parsons

Face recognition (FR) systems continue to spread in our daily lives with an increasing demand for higher explainability and interpretability of FR systems that are mainly based on deep learning. While bias across demographic groups in FR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Marco Huber , Meiling Fang , Fadi Boutros , Naser Damer

Two-dimensional embeddings remain the dominant approach to visualize high dimensional data. The choice of embeddings ranges from highly non-linear ones, which can capture complex relationships but are difficult to interpret quantitatively,…

The effectiveness of projection methods for solving systems of linear inequalities is investigated. It is shown that they have a computational advantage over some alternatives and that this makes them successful in real-world applications.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2009-12-23 Y. Censor , W. Chen , P. L. Combettes , R. Davidi , G. T. Herman

Pseudo-LiDAR-based methods for monocular 3D object detection have received considerable attention in the community due to the performance gains exhibited on the KITTI3D benchmark, in particular on the commonly reported validation split.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Andrea Simonelli , Samuel Rota Bulò , Lorenzo Porzi , Peter Kontschieder , Elisa Ricci

As a core problem in computer vision, the performance of object detection has improved drastically in the past few years. Despite their impressive performance, object detectors suffer from a lack of interpretability. Visualization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Ang Cao , Justin Johnson

Dimensionality reduction techniques play important roles in the analysis of big data. Traditional dimensionality reduction approaches, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), have been studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Haozhe Xie , Jie Li , Hanqing Xue

High-dimensional representations for words, text, images, knowledge graphs and other structured data are commonly used in different paradigms of machine learning and data mining. These representations have different degrees of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Sunipa Dev

Embeddings are ubiquitous in machine learning, appearing in recommender systems, NLP, and many other applications. Researchers and developers often need to explore the properties of a specific embedding, and one way to analyze embeddings is…

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) is widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data, often with the goal of revealing expected cluster structure. However, such a structure may not always appear in the projections. Existing DR quality metrics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Diede P. M. van der Hoorn , Alessio Arleo , Fernando V. Paulovich

3D motion tracking is a critical task in many computer vision applications. Unsupervised markerless 3D motion tracking systems determine the most relevant object in the screen and then track it by continuously estimating its projection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Luis Quesada

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for exploratory projection pursuit. The basis of the algorithm is the insight that previous approaches used fairly narrow definitions of interestingness / non interestingness. We argue that allowing…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-12-20 Mohit Dayal