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We experimentally demonstrate a qubit-efficient variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm using a superconducting quantum processor, employing minimal quantum resources with only a transmon qubit coupled to a high-coherence photonic…

The still-maturing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology faces strict limitations on the algorithms that can be implemented efficiently. In quantum chemistry, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm has become…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-29 Daniel Claudino , Bo Peng , Nicholas P. Bauman , Karol Kowalski , Travis S. Humble

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is one the most perspective algorithms for simulation of quantum many body physics that have recently attached a lot of attention and believed would be practical for implementation on the near term…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-03 Belozerova Polina , Shangareev Arthur , Zotov Yuriy , Yung Manhong , lv Dingshun

Recent research has shown that wavefunction evolution in real- and imaginary-time can generate quantum subspaces with significant utility for obtaining accurate ground state energies. Inspired by these methods, we propose combining quantum…

Current quantum computers are limited in the number of qubits and coherence time, constraining the algorithms executable with sufficient fidelity. The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is an algorithm to find an approximate ground state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Luca Erhart , Kosuke Mitarai , Wataru Mizukami , Keisuke Fujii

Portfolio optimization is a fundamental problem in finance that aims to determine the optimal allocation of assets within a portfolio to maximize returns while minimizing risk. It can be formulated as a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Anbang Wang , Zhonggang Lv , Zhenyuan Ma , Dunbo Cai , Zhihong Zhang

The inherent noise in current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices presents a major obstacle to the accurate implementation of quantum algorithms such as the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) for quantum chemistry…

In the noisy-intermediate-scale-quantum era, Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a promising method to study ground state properties in quantum chemistry, materials science, and condensed physics. However, general quantum eigensolvers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-27 Yusen Wu , Zigeng Huang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao Yuan , Jingbo B. Wang , Dingshun Lv

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is one of the most promising algorithms for low-lying eigenstates calculation on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers. Specifically, VQE has achieved great success for ground state…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-19 Hengzhun Chen , Yingzhou Li , Bichen Lu , Jianfeng Lu

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) faces significant challenges due to hardware noise and the presence of barren plateaus and local traps in the optimization landscape. To mitigate the detrimental effects of these issues, we introduce a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Chayan Patra , Rahul Maitra

The objective to be minimized in the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) has a restricted form, which allows a specialized sequential minimal optimization (SMO) that requires only a few observations in each iteration. However, the SMO…

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) has emerged as one of the leading quantum algorithms for solving electronic structure problems on near-term noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. However, its practical application to quantum…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Yanxian Tao , Lingyun Wan , Jie Liu

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), a variational algorithm to obtain an approximated ground state of a given Hamiltonian, is an appealing application of near-term quantum computers. The original work [A. Peruzzo et al.; \textit{Nat.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-06 Ken M Nakanishi , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

The ability of near-term quantum computers to represent classically-intractable quantum states has brought much interest in using such devices for estimating the ground and excited state energies of fermionic Hamiltonians. The usefulness of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-10 Maxwell D. Radin , Peter Johnson

Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a promising algorithm suitable for near-term quantum machines. VQE aims to approximate the lowest eigenvalue of an exponentially sized matrix in polynomial time. It minimizes quantum resource…

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is currently the flagship algorithm for solving electronic structure problems on near-term quantum computers. This hybrid quantum/classical algorithm involves implementing a sequence of…

Quantum systems have historically been formidable to simulate using classical computational methods, particularly as the system size grows. In recent years, advancements in quantum computing technology have offered new opportunities for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-06 Jinao Wang , Rimika Jaiswal

The Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are hybrid quantum-classical algorithms and they can be used in the Nosiy Intermadiate Scale Quantum (NISQ) devises. The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) was suggested as a first VQA. VQE is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Murat Kurt , Ayda Kaltehei , Selçuk Çakmak , Azmi Gençten

We develop an extension of the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm - multistate, contracted VQE (MC-VQE) - that allows for the efficient computation of the transition energies between the ground state and several low-lying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-19 Robert M. Parrish , Edward G. Hohenstein , Peter L. McMahon , Todd J. Martinez

Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), which attracts attention as a promising application of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, finds a ground state of a given Hamiltonian by variationally optimizing the parameters of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-12 Fumiyoshi Kobayashi , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii