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This paper presents Step-Audio 2, an end-to-end multi-modal large language model designed for industry-strength audio understanding and speech conversation. By integrating a latent audio encoder and reasoning-centric reinforcement learning…

To be usable in practice, interactive theorem provers need to provide convenient and efficient means of writing expressions, definitions, and proofs. This involves inferring information that is often left implicit in an ordinary…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-12-18 Leonardo de Moura , Jeremy Avigad , Soonho Kong , Cody Roux

Function calling enables large language models (LLMs) to interact with external systems by leveraging tools and APIs. When faced with multi-step tool usage, LLMs still struggle with tool selection, parameter generation, and tool-chain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Sijia Cui , Aiyao He , Shuai Xu , Hongming Zhang , Yanna Wang , Qingyang Zhang , Yajing Wang , Bo Xu

Process reward models (PRMs) that provide dense, step-level feedback have shown promise for reinforcement learning, yet their adoption remains limited by the need for expensive step-level annotations or ground truth references. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Salman Rahman , Sruthi Gorantla , Arpit Gupta , Swastik Roy , Nanyun Peng , Yang Liu

Informal mathematics has been central to modern large language model (LLM) reasoning, offering flexibility and enabling efficient construction of arguments. However, purely informal reasoning is prone to logical gaps and subtle errors that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Azim Ospanov , Zijin Feng , Jiacheng Sun , Haoli Bai , Xin Shen , Farzan Farnia

Mathematical reasoning demands two critical, complementary skills: constructing rigorous proofs for true statements and discovering counterexamples that disprove false ones. However, current AI efforts in mathematics focus almost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zenan Li , Zhaoyu Li , Kaiyu Yang , Xiaoxing Ma , Zhendong Su

Large language model (LLM)-based reasoning systems have recently achieved gold medal-level performance in the IMO 2025 competition, writing mathematical proofs where, to receive full credit, each step must be not only correct but also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shrey Pandit , Austin Xu , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Yifei Ming , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

We present IntelliProof, an interactive system for analyzing argumentative essays through LLMs. IntelliProof structures an essay as an argumentation graph, where claims are represented as nodes, supporting evidence is attached as node…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Kaveh Eskandari Miandoab , Katharine Kowalyshyn , Kabir Pamnani , Anesu Gavhera , Vasanth Sarathy , Matthias Scheutz

Agentic workflows, where multiple AI agents collaborate to accomplish complex tasks like reasoning or planning, play a substantial role in many cutting-edge commercial applications, and continue to fascinate researchers across fields for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Deepak Pandita , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Ankit Parag Shah , Isabelle Diana May-Xin Ng , Christopher M. Homan , Wei Wei

Using AI to write formal proofs for mathematical problems is a challenging task that has seen some advancements in recent years. Automated systems such as Lean can verify the correctness of proofs written in formal language, yet writing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Roozbeh Yousefzadeh , Xuenan Cao , Azim Ospanov

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit limited logical coherence, mapping premises to conclusions without adherence to explicit inference rules. We propose Proof-Carrying Reasoning with LLMs (PCRLLM), a framework that constrains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Tangrui Li , Pei Wang , Hongzheng Wang Christian Hahm , Matteo Spatola , Justin Shi

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich

Labeled data for imitation learning of theorem proving in large libraries of formalized mathematics is scarce as such libraries require years of concentrated effort by human specialists to be built. This is particularly challenging when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Jesse Michael Han , Jason Rute , Yuhuai Wu , Edward W. Ayers , Stanislas Polu

Best-of-N decoding methods instruct large language models (LLMs) to generate multiple solutions, score each using a scoring function, and select the highest scored as the final answer to mathematical reasoning problems. However, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Zhenyu Wu , Qingkai Zeng , Zhihan Zhang , Zhaoxuan Tan , Chao Shen , Meng Jiang

Recent advances have established a new machine learning paradigm based on scaling up compute at inference time as well as at training time. In that line of work, a combination of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on synthetic demonstrations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Corrado Rainone , Tim Bakker , Roland Memisevic

Proof automation is crucial to large-scale formal mathematics and software/hardware verification projects in ITPs. Sophisticated tools called hammers have been developed to provide general-purpose proof automation in ITPs such as Coq and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yicheng Qian , Joshua Clune , Clark Barrett , Jeremy Avigad

The large language models (LLMs) might produce a persuasive argument within mathematical and logical fields, although such argument often includes some minor missteps, including the entire omission of side conditions, invalid inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Kranthi Kommuru , Kunal Khanvilkar , Gaurav Parekh

Recent work by Clark et al. (2020) shows that transformers can act as 'soft theorem provers' by answering questions over explicitly provided knowledge in natural language. In our work, we take a step closer to emulating formal theorem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Swarnadeep Saha , Sayan Ghosh , Shashank Srivastava , Mohit Bansal

Chain-of-Thought reasoning significantly improves the performance of large language models on complex tasks, but incurs high inference latency due to long generation traces. Step-level speculative reasoning aims to mitigate this cost, yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Siran Liu , Cyril Y. He

We present Lean Finder, a semantic search engine for Lean and mathlib that understands and aligns with the intents of mathematicians. Progress in formal theorem proving is often hindered by the difficulty of locating relevant theorems and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jialin Lu , Kye Emond , Kaiyu Yang , Swarat Chaudhuri , Weiran Sun , Wuyang Chen