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Translation-based prompting is widely used in multilingual LLMs, yet its effectiveness varies across languages and tasks. We evaluate prompting strategies across ten languages of different resource levels and four benchmarks. Our analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Wei-Chi Wu , Sheng-Lun Wei , Hen-Hsen Huang , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized many areas of artificial intelligence (AI), but their substantial resource requirements limit their deployment on mobile and edge devices. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Lakshit Arora , Dipen Pradhan , Aman Raj , Ankit Shetgaonkar

Large language models (LLMs) excel across diverse natural language processing tasks but face resource demands and limited context windows. Although techniques like pruning, quantization, and token dropping can mitigate these issues, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Ammar Ahmed , Sheng Di , Franck Cappello , Zirui Liu , Jingoo Han , Ali Anwar

The adaption of multilingual pre-trained LLMs into eloquent and helpful assistants is essential to facilitate their use across different language regions. In that spirit, we are the first to conduct an extensive study of the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Alexander Arno Weber , Klaudia Thellmann , Jan Ebert , Nicolas Flores-Herr , Jens Lehmann , Michael Fromm , Mehdi Ali

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing but pose significant challenges for real-world deployment. These models necessitate considerable computing resources, which can be costly and frequently unavailable.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Xiliang Zhu , Elena Khasanova , Cheng Chen

Large multilingual pretrained language models (mPLMs) have become the de facto state of the art for cross-lingual transfer in NLP. However, their large-scale deployment to many languages, besides pretraining data scarcity, is also hindered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Sukannya Purkayastha , Sebastian Ruder , Jonas Pfeiffer , Iryna Gurevych , Ivan Vulić

Small Language Models (SLMs) have become increasingly important due to their efficiency and performance to perform various language tasks with minimal computational resources, making them ideal for various settings including on-device,…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing, showcasing exceptional performance across various tasks. However, the expensive memory and computational requirements present significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ruihao Gong , Yifu Ding , Zining Wang , Chengtao Lv , Xingyu Zheng , Jinyang Du , Haotong Qin , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

Scaling existing applications and solutions to multiple human languages has traditionally proven to be difficult, mainly due to the language-dependent nature of preprocessing and feature engineering techniques employed in traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Xiaotong Liu , Yingbei Tong , Anbang Xu , Rama Akkiraju

Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing (NLP) due to limited data. While current state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) still struggle with LRLs, smaller multilingual models (mLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Daniil Gurgurov , Ivan Vykopal , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge or mobile devices offers significant benefits, such as enhanced data privacy and real-time processing capabilities. However, it also faces critical challenges due to the substantial memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yu Mao , Weilan Wang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

The promise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Natural Language Processing has often been overshadowed by their limited performance in low-resource languages such as Bangla. To address this, our paper presents a pioneering approach that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Xiaoqian Li , Ercong Nie , Sheng Liang

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) are great translators, but this is largely limited to high-resource languages. For many LLMs, translating in and out of low-resource languages remains a challenging task. To maximize data efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zheng Wei Lim , Nitish Gupta , Honglin Yu , Trevor Cohn

Preference optimization techniques have become a standard final stage for training state-of-art large language models (LLMs). However, despite widespread adoption, the vast majority of work to-date has focused on first-class citizen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 John Dang , Arash Ahmadian , Kelly Marchisio , Julia Kreutzer , Ahmet Üstün , Sara Hooker

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of modern natural language processing, with their capabilities extending across a wide range of applications and languages. However, the fine-tuning of multilingual LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wanru Zhao , Yihong Chen , Royson Lee , Xinchi Qiu , Yan Gao , Hongxiang Fan , Nicholas D. Lane

The training paradigm for machine translation has gradually shifted, from learning neural machine translation (NMT) models with extensive parallel corpora to instruction finetuning on multilingual large language models (LLMs) with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Pengzhi Gao , Zhongjun He , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional promise in translation tasks for high-resource languages. However, their performance in low-resource languages is limited by the scarcity of both parallel and monolingual corpora,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 William Tan , Kevin Zhu

Despite their remarkable achievements, modern Large Language Models (LLMs) face exorbitant computational and memory footprints. Recently, several works have shown significant success in training-free and data-free compression (pruning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ajay Jaiswal , Zhe Gan , Xianzhi Du , Bowen Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yinfei Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years; however, their excellent performance is still largely limited to major world languages, primarily English. Many LLMs continue to face challenges with…

Tokenizers play a crucial role in determining the performance, training efficiency, and the inference cost of Large Language Models (LLMs). Designing effective tokenizers for multilingual LLMs is particularly challenging due to diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Souvik Rana , Arul Menezes , Ashish Kulkarni , Chandra Khatri , Shubham Agarwal