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Scalable distributed quantum computing (DQC) has motivated the design of multiple quantum data-center (QDC) architectures that overcome the limitations of single quantum processors through modular interconnection. While these architectures…

Entanglement, a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics, has long been recognized as a valuable resource in enabling secure communications and surpassing classical limits. However, previous research has primarily concentrated on static…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-09 Junjing Xing , Tianfeng Feng , Zhaobing Fan , Haitao Ma , Kishor Bharti , Dax Enshan Koh , Yunlong Xiao

Given the diverse array of physical systems available for quantum computing and the absence of a well-defined quantum internet protocol stack, the design and optimisation of quantum networking protocols remain largely unexplored. To address…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Vinay Kumar , Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella

Quantum internet needs to ensure timely provision of entangled qubits to be used in tasks that involve distributed quantum computing or sensing. This has been addressed by a top-down approach of optimized quantum networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Jakob Kaltoft Søndergaard , René Bødker Christensen , Petar Popovski

We introduce the concept of Quantum Ping (QPing) as a diagnostic primitive for future quantum networks, designed to assess whether two or more end nodes can establish practical quantum entanglement with efficient resource consumption,…

Quantum networks are a keystone of the quantum internet. However, existing implementations remain largely confined to static point-to-point links due to the absence of a switching paradigm capable of dynamically routing fragile quantum…

The quantum machine learning (QML) paradigms and their synergies with network slicing can be envisioned to be a disruptive technology on the cusp of entering to era of sixth-generation (6G), where the mobile communication systems are…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Farhad Rezazadeh , Sarang Kahvazadeh , Mohammadreza Mosahebfard

Quantum networks rely on both quantum and classical channels for coordinated operation. Current architectures employ entanglement distribution and key exchange over quantum channels but often assume that classical communication is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Xin Jin , Nitish Kumar Chandra , Mohadeseh Azari , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan , Junyu Liu

Future quantum internet relies on large-scale entanglement distribution. Quantum decoherence is a significant obstacle in large-scale networks, which otherwise perform better with multiple paths between the source and destination. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Muhammad Daud , Aeysha Khalique

The quantum technology revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. A new -- quantum -- network stack will be needed to account for the fundamentally new properties of quantum entanglement. The first realisations of quantum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Fernando Kuipers , Stephanie Wehner

Distributing quantum entanglements over long distances is essential for the realization of a global scale quantum Internet. Most of the prior work and proposals assume an on-demand distribution of entanglements which may result in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-06 Shahrooz Pouryousef , Nitish K. Panigrahy , Don Towsley

Quantum key distribution---exchanging a random secret key relying on a quantum mechanical resource---is the core feature of secure quantum networks. Entanglement-based protocols offer additional layers of security and scale favorably with…

Quantum networks providing shared entanglement over a mesh of quantum nodes will revolutionize the field of quantum information science by offering novel applications in quantum computation, enhanced precision in networks of sensors and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Jacob P. Covey , Harald Weinfurter , Hannes Bernien

Quantum illumination is an entanglement-based target detection protocol that provides quantum advantages despite the presence of entanglement-breaking noise. However, the advantage of traditional quantum illumination protocols is limited to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Xiaobin Zhao , Zheshen Zhang , Quntao Zhuang

This article envisions the concept of a ``Quantum Internet in the Sky", aiming to establish ubiquitous quantum communication links among distant nodes via free-space optical channels. Our key focus is on deploying quantum communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Phuc V. Trinh , Shinya Sugiura

To realize the Quantum Internet, quantum communications require pre-shared entanglement among quantum nodes. However, both the generation and the distribution of the maximally-entangled quantum states are inherently contaminated by quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-22 Daryus Chandra , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Marcello Caleffi , Lajos Hanzo

Analog quantum computation offers a route to machine learning using controllable physical dynamics as a computational resource. However, many existing approaches rely on task-specific protocols or observables that are difficult to access…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Shmuel Lorber , Yonatan Dubi

As the field of the quantum internet advances, a comprehensive guide to navigate its complexities has become increasingly crucial. While quantum computing shares foundational principles with the quantum internet, distinguishing between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Vinay Kumar , Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella

Quantum Computing (QC) offers the potential to enhance traditional High-Performance Computing (HPC) workloads by leveraging the unique properties of quantum computers, leading to the emergence of a new paradigm: HPC-QC. While this…

The Quantum Internet, a network of quantum-enabled infrastructure, represents the next frontier in telecommunications, promising capabilities that cannot be attained by classical counterparts. A crucial step in realizing such large-scale…