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Learning therapeutic counseling involves significant role-play experience with mock patients, with current manual training methods providing only intermittent granular feedback. We seek to accelerate and optimize counselor training by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ian Steenstra , Farnaz Nouraei , Timothy W. Bickmore

Limited access to mental healthcare, extended wait times, and increasing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led individuals to turn to LLMs for fulfilling their mental health needs. However, examining the multi-turn mental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Mohit Chandra , Siddharth Sriraman , Harneet Singh Khanuja , Yiqiao Jin , Munmun De Choudhury

Psychotherapy is a primary treatment for many mental health conditions, yet the interplay among therapist behaviors, client responses, and the therapeutic relationship remains difficult to untangle. This work advances a computational…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Angela Chen , Siwei Jin , Canwen Wang , Holly Swartz , Tongshuang Wu , Robert E Kraut , Haiyi Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) offer emerging opportunities for psychological and behavioral research, but methodological guidance is lacking. This article provides a framework for using LLMs as psychological simulators across two primary…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zhicheng Lin

Demand for mental health support through AI chatbots is surging, though current systems present several limitations, like sycophancy or overvalidation, and reinforcement of maladaptive beliefs. A core obstacle to the creation of better…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 José Pombal , Maya D'Eon , Nuno M. Guerreiro , Pedro Henrique Martins , António Farinhas , Ricardo Rei

LLM-based client simulation has emerged as a promising tool for training novice counselors and evaluating automated counseling systems. However, existing client simulation approaches face three key challenges: (1) limited diversity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Huachuan Qiu , Zhaoming Chen , Yuqian Chen , Yuan Xie , Yu Lu , Zhenzhong Lan

The possibility of LLM self-awareness and even sentience is gaining increasing public attention and has major safety and policy implications, but the science of measuring them is still in a nascent state. Here we introduce a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Christopher Ackerman

Simulating human clients in mental health counseling is crucial for training and evaluating counselors (both human or simulated) in a scalable manner. Nevertheless, past research on client simulation did not focus on complex conversation…

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has increased interest in their use as therapists to address mental health challenges and the widespread lack of access to care. However, experts have emphasized the critical need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yu Ying Chiu , Ashish Sharma , Inna Wanyin Lin , Tim Althoff

Although there is a growing belief that LLMs can be used as therapists, exploring LLMs' capabilities and inefficacy, particularly from the client's perspective, is limited. This work focuses on a client-centered assessment of LLM therapists…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Jiashuo Wang , Yang Xiao , Yanran Li , Changhe Song , Chunpu Xu , Chenhao Tan , Wenjie Li

The growing demand for accessible mental health support requires training more counselors, yet existing approaches remain resource-intensive and difficult to scale. LLMs can realistically simulate patients and generate actionable feedback…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Ryan Louie , Raj Sanjay Shah , Ifdita Hasan Orney , Juan Pablo Pacheco , Emma Brunskill , Diyi Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in interacting with human. However, recent studies have revealed that these models often suffer from hallucinations, leading to overly confident but incorrect judgments. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Yusheng Liao , Yutong Meng , Hongcheng Liu , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Training mental health clinicians to conduct standardized clinical assessments is challenging due to a lack of scalable, realistic practice opportunities, which can impact data quality in clinical trials. To address this gap, we introduce a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Veronica Bossio Botero , Vijay Yadav , Jacob Ouyang , Anzar Abbas , Michelle Worthington

LLM-based agents have emerged as transformative tools capable of executing complex tasks through iterative planning and action, achieving significant advancements in understanding and addressing user needs. Yet, their effectiveness remains…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mithat Can Ozgun , Jiahuan Pei , Koen Hindriks , Lucia Donatelli , Qingzhi Liu , Junxiao Wang

We introduce a novel application of large language models (LLMs) in developing a virtual counselor capable of conducting motivational interviewing (MI) for alcohol use counseling. Access to effective counseling remains limited, particularly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Ian Steenstra , Farnaz Nouraei , Mehdi Arjmand , Timothy W. Bickmore

Despite the utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks and scenarios, developing a method for reliably evaluating LLMs across varied contexts continues to be challenging. Modern evaluation approaches often use LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Steffi Chern , Ethan Chern , Graham Neubig , Pengfei Liu

The mismatch between the growing demand for psychological counseling and the limited availability of services has motivated research into the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in this domain. Consequently, there is a need for a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Bichen Wang , Yixin Sun , Junzhe Wang , Hao Yang , Xing Fu , Yanyan Zhao , Si Wei , Shijin Wang , Bing Qin

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to infer others' knowledge, intentions, and emotions, is commonly evaluated in large language models (LLMs) using end-point question answering, where performance is judged solely by the final answer to a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Adam Bawatneh , Sagar Sapkota , Amrit Singh Bedi , Santu Karmaker , Mubarak Shah

Spatial reasoning in 3D space is central to human cognition and indispensable for embodied tasks such as navigation and manipulation. However, state-of-the-art vision-language models (VLMs) struggle frequently with tasks as simple as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yuncong Yang , Jiageng Liu , Zheyuan Zhang , Siyuan Zhou , Reuben Tan , Jianwei Yang , Yilun Du , Chuang Gan

Many interactive data systems combine visual representations of data with embedded algorithmic support for automation and data exploration. To effectively support transparent and explainable data systems, it is important for researchers and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Jeremy E. Block , Eric D. Ragan
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