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Leveraging outputs from multiple large language models (LLMs) is emerging as a method for harnessing their power across a wide range of tasks while mitigating their capacity for making errors, e.g., hallucinations. However, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ming Pok Ng , Junqi Jiang , Gabriel Freedman , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive multilingual capability, but their performance varies substantially across different languages. In this work, we introduce a simple yet effective method, called cross-lingual-thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Haoyang Huang , Tianyi Tang , Dongdong Zhang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ting Song , Yan Xia , Furu Wei

The integration of tools in augmenting large language models presents a novel approach toward enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of these models in handling specific, complex tasks. This paper delves into the methodology,challenges, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Zhuocheng Shen

Agentic reinforcement learning has advanced large language models (LLMs) to reason through long chain-of-thought trajectories while interleaving external tool use. Existing approaches assume a fixed inventory of tools, limiting LLM agents'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jiaru Zou , Ling Yang , Yunzhe Qi , Sirui Chen , Mengting Ai , Ke Shen , Jingrui He , Mengdi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs), when enhanced through reasoning-oriented post-training, evolve into powerful Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) further extends their capabilities by incorporating external tools,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yifan Wei , Xiaoyan Yu , Yixuan Weng , Tengfei Pan , Angsheng Li , Li Du

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable achievements in various domains. However, the untimeliness and cost of knowledge updates coupled with hallucination issues of LLMs have curtailed their applications in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Chunjing Gan , Dan Yang , Binbin Hu , Hanxiao Zhang , Siyuan Li , Ziqi Liu , Yue Shen , Lin Ju , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jinjie Gu , Lei Liang , Jun Zhou

The integration of large language models (LLMs) with external tools has significantly expanded the capabilities of AI agents. However, as the diversity of both LLMs and tools increases, selecting the optimal model-tool combination becomes a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jinyang Wu , Guocheng Zhai , Ruihan Jin , Jiahao Yuan , Yuhao Shen , Shuai Zhang , Zhengqi Wen , Jianhua Tao

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit limited ability to understand table structures and to apply precise numerical reasoning, which is crucial for tasks such as table question answering (TQA) and table-based fact verification (TFV).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Xinyuan Lu , Liangming Pan , Yubo Ma , Preslav Nakov , Min-Yen Kan

We present ControlLLM, a novel framework that enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize multi-modal tools for solving complex real-world tasks. Despite the remarkable performance of LLMs, they still struggle with tool invocation due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zhaoyang Liu , Zeqiang Lai , Zhangwei Gao , Erfei Cui , Ziheng Li , Xizhou Zhu , Lewei Lu , Qifeng Chen , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai , Wenhai Wang

Mathematical reasoning is a cornerstone of artificial general intelligence and a primary benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). While state-of-the-art models show promise, they often falter when faced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yifan Hao , Fangning Chao , Yaqian Hao , Zhaojun Cui , Huan Bai , Haiyu Zhang , Yankai Liu , Chao Deng , Junlan Feng

Table reasoning tasks have shown remarkable progress with the development of large language models (LLMs), which involve interpreting and drawing conclusions from tabular data based on natural language (NL) questions. Existing solutions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Yuan Sui , Jiaru Zou , Mengyu Zhou , Xinyi He , Lun Du , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems often struggle to handle multi-hop question-answering tasks accurately due to irrelevant context retrieval and limited complex reasoning capabilities. We introduce Collab-RAG, a collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ran Xu , Wenqi Shi , Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Joyce C. Ho , Haoyu Wang , Carl Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Many recent works seek to augment LLM-based assistants with external tools so they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Nicholas Farn , Richard Shin

Tool-augmented Language Models (TaLMs) can invoke external tools to solve problems beyond their parametric capacity. However, it remains unclear whether these tool-enabled gains reflect trustworthy reasoning. Focusing on the Code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Farima Fatahi Bayat , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

Despite recent advances in AI, the development of systems capable of executing complex, multi-step reasoning tasks involving multiple tools remains a significant challenge. Current benchmarks fall short in capturing the real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Vaskar Nath , Pranav Raja , Claire Yoon , Sean Hendryx

Large language models (LLMs) continue to struggle with knowledge-intensive questions that require up-to-date information and multi-hop reasoning. Augmenting LLMs with hybrid external knowledge, such as unstructured text and structured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Junhong Lin , Bing Zhang , Song Wang , Ziyan Liu , Dan Gutfreund , Julian Shun , Yada Zhu

Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are increasingly taking the form of sophisticated modular pipelines, e.g., Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), where each module may involve a distinct Language Model (LM) and an associated prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Dilara Soylu , Christopher Potts , Omar Khattab

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant performance improvements across various cognitive tasks. An emerging application is using LLMs to enhance retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) capabilities. These systems require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Satyapriya Krishna , Kalpesh Krishna , Anhad Mohananey , Steven Schwarcz , Adam Stambler , Shyam Upadhyay , Manaal Faruqui

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is key to enhancing large language models (LLMs) to systematically access richer factual knowledge. Yet, using RAG brings intrinsic challenges, as LLMs must deal with potentially conflicting knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Leonardo Ranaldi , Federico Ranaldi , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Large language models (LLMs) have pushed the limits of natural language understanding and exhibited excellent problem-solving ability. Despite the great success, most existing open-source LLMs (e.g., LLaMA-2) are still far away from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Longhui Yu , Weisen Jiang , Han Shi , Jincheng Yu , Zhengying Liu , Yu Zhang , James T. Kwok , Zhenguo Li , Adrian Weller , Weiyang Liu