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Supervised machine learning often requires human-annotated data. While annotator disagreement is typically interpreted as evidence of noise, population-level label distribution learning (PLDL) treats the collection of annotations for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Tong Liu , Christopher M. Homan

Annotation bias in NLP datasets remains a major challenge for developing multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in culturally diverse settings. Bias from task framing, annotator subjectivity, and cultural mismatches can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xia Cui , Ziyi Huang , Naeemeh Adel

Available training data for named entity recognition (NER) often contains a significant percentage of incorrect labels for entity types and entity boundaries. Such label noise poses challenges for supervised learning and may significantly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Elena Merdjanovska , Ansar Aynetdinov , Alan Akbik

There is growing evidence that the prevalence of disagreement in the raw annotations used to construct natural language inference datasets makes the common practice of aggregating those annotations to a single label problematic. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 William Gantt , Benjamin Kane , Aaron Steven White

Many machine learning tasks involve inherent subjectivity, where annotators naturally provide varied labels. Standard practice collapses these label distributions into single labels, aggregating diverse human judgments into point estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Agamdeep Singh , Ashish Tiwari , Hosein Hasanbeig , Priyanshu Gupta

Variation in human annotation (i.e., disagreements) is common in NLP, often reflecting important information like task subjectivity and sample ambiguity. Modeling this variation is important for applications that are sensitive to such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jingwei Ni , Yu Fan , Vilém Zouhar , Donya Rooein , Alexander Hoyle , Mrinmaya Sachan , Markus Leippold , Dirk Hovy , Elliott Ash

Selecting an effective training signal for machine learning tasks is difficult: expert annotations are expensive, and crowd-sourced annotations may not be reliable. Recent work has demonstrated that learning from a distribution over labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

Large datasets in NLP suffer from noisy labels, due to erroneous automatic and human annotation procedures. We study the problem of text classification with label noise, and aim to capture this noise through an auxiliary noise model over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Siddhant Garg , Goutham Ramakrishnan , Varun Thumbe

Annotators exhibit disagreement during data labeling, which can be termed as annotator label uncertainty. Annotator label uncertainty manifests in variations of labeling quality. Training with a single low-quality annotation per sample…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Chen Zhou , Mohit Prabhushankar , Ghassan AlRegib

Label noise is a common problem in real-world datasets, affecting both model training and validation. Clean data are essential for achieving strong performance and ensuring reliable evaluation. While various techniques have been proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Henrique Pickler , Jorge K. S. Kamassury , Danilo Silva

Extracting noisy or incorrectly labeled samples from a labeled dataset with hard/difficult samples is an important yet under-explored topic. Two general and often independent lines of work exist, one focuses on addressing noisy labels, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Mahsa Forouzesh , Patrick Thiran

It is common practice in text classification to only use one majority label for model training even if a dataset has been annotated by multiple annotators. Doing so can remove valuable nuances and diverse perspectives inherent in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Jin Xu , Mariët Theune , Daniel Braun

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

In the last few years, the ML community has created a number of new NLP models based on transformer architecture. These models have shown great performance for various NLP tasks on benchmark datasets, often surpassing SOTA results. Buoyed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Kartikay Bagla , Ankit Kumar , Shivam Gupta , Anuj Gupta

In the context of noisy partial label learning (NPLL), each training sample is associated with a set of candidate labels annotated by multiple noisy annotators. With the emergence of high-performance pre-trained vision-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Qian-Wei Wang , Yaguang Song , Shu-Tao Xia

Supervised learning depends on annotated examples, which are taken to be the \emph{ground truth}. But these labels often come from noisy crowdsourcing platforms, like Amazon Mechanical Turk. Practitioners typically collect multiple labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Ashish Khetan , Zachary C. Lipton , Anima Anandkumar

Recently, deep learning models have been widely applied in program understanding tasks, and these models achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmark datasets. A major challenge of deep learning for program understanding is that the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Wenhan Wang , Yanzhou Li , Anran Li , Jian Zhang , Wei Ma , Yang Liu

Building an accurate computer-aided diagnosis system based on data-driven approaches requires a large amount of high-quality labeled data. In medical imaging analysis, multiple expert annotators often produce subjective estimates about…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Khiem H. Le , Tuan V. Tran , Hieu H. Pham , Hieu T. Nguyen , Tung T. Le , Ha Q. Nguyen

As a means of human-based computation, crowdsourcing has been widely used to annotate large-scale unlabeled datasets. One of the obvious challenges is how to aggregate these possibly noisy labels provided by a set of heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Xuan Wei , Daniel Dajun Zeng , Junming Yin

Deep neural networks have incredible capacity and expressibility, and can seemingly memorize any training set. This introduces a problem when training in the presence of noisy labels, as the noisy examples cannot be distinguished from clean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Daniel Shwartz , Uri Stern , Daphna Weinshall