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Observational studies provide the only evidence on the effectiveness of interventions when randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are impractical due to cost, ethical concerns, or time constraints. While many methodologies aim to draw causal…

Conditional effect estimation has great scientific and policy importance because interventions may impact subjects differently depending on their characteristics. Most research has focused on estimating the conditional average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-25 Alec McClean , Zach Branson , Edward H. Kennedy

We propose a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) approach to causal inference using observational data consisting of outcome, treatment, and a set of confounders. The conditional distribution of the outcome given treatment and confounders is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Yongseok Hur , Joonhyuk Jung , Juhee Lee

Online A/B tests have become increasingly popular and important for social platforms. However, accurately estimating the global average treatment effect (GATE) has proven to be challenging due to network interference, which violates the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-27 Qianyi Chen , Bo Li , Lu Deng , Yong Wang

Hybrid clinical trials, that borrow real-world data (RWD), are gaining interest, especially for rare diseases. They assume RWD and randomized control arm be exchangeable, but violations can bias results, inflate type I error, or reduce…

Observational causal inference is useful for decision making in medicine when randomized clinical trials (RCT) are infeasible or non generalizable. However, traditional approaches fail to deliver unconfounded causal conclusions in practice.…

We study the problem of selecting the best heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) estimator from a collection of candidates in settings where the treatment effect is fundamentally unobserved. We cast estimator selection as a multiple testing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-25 Jiayi Guo , Zijun Gao

In the absence of a randomized experiment, a key assumption for drawing causal inference about treatment effects is the ignorable treatment assignment. Violations of the ignorability assumption may lead to biased treatment effect estimates.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-17 Liangyuan Hu , Jungang Zou , Chenyang Gu , Jiayi Ji , Michael Lopez , Minal Kale

The gold standard for identifying causal relationships is a randomized controlled experiment. In many applications in the social sciences and medicine, the researcher does not control the assignment mechanism and instead may rely upon…

Applications · Statistics 2016-11-22 Johann Gagnon-Bartsch , Yotam Shem-Tov

We consider the problem of testing for treatment effect heterogeneity in observational studies, and propose a nonparametric test based on multisample U-statistics. To account for potential confounders, we use reweighted data where the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-30 Maozhu Dai , Weining Shen , Hal S. Stern

This paper addresses the problem of identifying and estimating the causal effect of a treatment in the presence of unmeasured confounding and various types of right-censoring. Examples of these censoring mechanisms are administrative…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-19 Ilias Willems , Sara Rutten , Gilles Crommen , Ingrid Van Keilegom

Split conformal prediction has recently sparked great interest due to its ability to provide formally guaranteed uncertainty sets or intervals for predictions made by black-box neural models, ensuring a predefined probability of containing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-29 António Farinhas , Chrysoula Zerva , Dennis Ulmer , André F. T. Martins

We present a new procedure for conducting a sensitivity analysis in matched observational studies. For any candidate test statistic, the approach defines tilted modifications dependent upon the proposed strength of unmeasured confounding.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-14 Colin B. Fogarty

Understanding the effects of interventions is central to scientific progress, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarded as the gold standard for causal inference in many applied fields. However, RCTs are costly, time-consuming, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-27 Drago Plecko , Patrik Okanovic , Torsten Hoefler , Elias Bareinboim

It is highly desirable to borrow information from external data to augment a control arm in a randomized clinical trial, especially in settings where the sample size for the control arm is limited. However, a main challenge in borrowing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-01 Dehua Bi , Tianjian Zhou , Wei Zhong , Yuan Ji

Conditioning on variables affected by treatment can induce post-treatment bias when estimating causal effects. Although this suggests that researchers should measure potential moderators before administering the treatment in an experiment,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-24 Matthew Blackwell , Jacob R. Brown , Sophie Hill , Kosuke Imai , Teppei Yamamoto

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard for estimating the average treatment effect (ATE) of a medical intervention but requires 100s-1000s of subjects, making it expensive and difficult to implement. While a cross-over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-10 Sayeri Lala , Niraj K. Jha

The Horvitz-Thompson (H-T) estimator is widely used for estimating network causal effects. We study its optimality properties by embedding it in the class of all linear estimators. We show that, under any form of interference, the H-T…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Vishesh Karwa , Edoardo M. Airoldi

We present a robust generalization of the synthetic control method for comparative case studies. Like the classical method, we present an algorithm to estimate the unobservable counterfactual of a treatment unit. A distinguishing feature of…

Econometrics · Economics 2017-11-21 Muhammad Jehangir Amjad , Devavrat Shah , Dennis Shen

Unmeasured confounding may undermine the validity of causal inference with observational studies. Sensitivity analysis provides an attractive way to partially circumvent this issue by assessing the potential influence of unmeasured…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-15 Peng Ding , Tyler VanderWeele
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