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The classical simulation of quantum circuits is of central importance for benchmarking near-term quantum devices. The fact that gates belonging to the Clifford group can be simulated efficiently on classical computers has motivated a range…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-12 Tomislav Begušić , Kasra Hejazi , Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

Quantum processors are now able to run quantum circuits that are infeasible to simulate classically, creating a need for benchmarks that assess a quantum processor's rate of errors when running these circuits. Here, we introduce a general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Jordan Hines , Timothy Proctor

As quantum technology matures, the efficient benchmarking of quantum devices remains a key challenge. Although sample-efficient, information-theoretic benchmarking techniques have recently been proposed, there is still a gap in adapting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Ana Silva , Eliska Greplova

As we approach the era of quantum advantage, when quantum computers (QCs) can outperform any classical computer on particular tasks, there remains the difficult challenge of how to validate their performance. While algorithmic success can…

Benchmarking is how the performance of a computing system is determined. Surprisingly, even for classical computers this is not a straightforward process. One must choose the appropriate benchmark and metrics to extract meaningful results.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-07 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

Randomized benchmarking is a powerful technique to efficiently estimate the performance and reliability of quantum gates, circuits and devices. Here we propose to perform randomized benchmarking in a coherent way, where superpositions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

A key requirement for scalable quantum computing is that elementary quantum gates can be implemented with sufficiently low error. One method for determining the error behavior of a gate implementation is to perform process tomography.…

Quantum computing will change the way we tackle certain problems. It promises to dramatically speed-up many chemical, financial, and machine-learning applications. However, to capitalize on those promises, complex design flows composed of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

With the development of controllable quantum systems, fast and practical characterization for multi-qubit gates is essential for building high-fidelity quantum computing devices. The usual way to fulfill this requirement via randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Yihong Zhang , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Guoding Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Randomized Benchmarking allows to efficiently and scalably characterize the average error of an unitary 2-design such as the Clifford group $\mathcal{C}$ on a physical candidate for quantum computation, as long as there are no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-04 T. Chasseur , F. K. Wilhelm

Recently Bravyi, Gosset and K\"onig (Science 2018) proved an unconditional separation between the computational powers of small-depth quantum and classical circuits for a relation. In this paper we show a similar separation in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-27 François Le Gall

With the advent of public access to small gate-based quantum processors, it becomes necessary to develop a benchmarking methodology such that independent researchers can validate the operation of these processors. We explore the usefulness…

Architectures for quantum computing can only be scaled up when they are accompanied by suitable benchmarking techniques. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the state and recommendations for systematic benchmarking of quantum…

With quantum computing devices increasing in scale and complexity, there is a growing need for tools that obtain precise diagnostic information about quantum operations. However, current quantum devices are only capable of short…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-01 J. Helsen , M. Ioannou , J. Kitzinger , E. Onorati , A. H. Werner , J. Eisert , I. Roth

Quantum machine learning has the potential to provide powerful algorithms for artificial intelligence. The pursuit of quantum advantage in quantum machine learning is an active area of research. For current noisy, intermediate-scale quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-11 Rui Yang , Samuel Bosch , Bobak Kiani , Seth Lloyd , Adrian Lupascu

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is an important protocol for robustly characterizing the error rates of quantum gates. The technique is typically applied to the Clifford gates since they form a group that satisfies a convenient technical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-26 Robin Harper , Steven T. Flammia

Characterization of experimental systems is an essential step in developing and improving quantum hardware. A collection of protocols known as Randomized Benchmarking (RB) was developed in the past decade, which provides an efficient way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Linghang Kong

Evaluating the expectation of a quantum circuit is a classically difficult problem known as the quantum mean value problem (QMV). It is used to optimize the quantum approximate optimization algorithm and other variational quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 David Joseph , Antonio J. Martinez , Cong Ling , Florian Mintert

Near-term quantum computers are accessed through repeated circuit executions, which produce finite measurement records rather than exact deterministic outputs. In quantum reservoir computing, these records are converted to feature vectors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Markus Baumann , Maximilian Zorn , Thomas Gabor , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien , Jonas Stein

Fault-tolerant quantum computation traditionally incurs substantial resource overhead, with both qubit and time overheads scaling polylogarithmically with the size of the computation. While prior work by Gottesman showed that constant qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami