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As cyber threats continue to grow in complexity, traditional security mechanisms struggle to keep up. Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential in cybersecurity due to their advanced capabilities in text processing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Tiago Dinis , Miguel Correia , Roger Tavares

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful technique to facilitate language model with proprietary and private data, where data privacy is a pivotal concern. Whereas extensive research has demonstrated the privacy risks of large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-03 Shenglai Zeng , Jiankun Zhang , Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Yiding Liu , Han Xu , Jie Ren , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Yi Chang , Jiliang Tang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, which integrate Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge sources, are vulnerable to a range of adversarial attack vectors. This paper examines the importance of RAG systems through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chris M. Ward , Josh Harguess

Recent advancements in Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the creation of highly realistic synthetic content, raising concerns about the potential for malicious use, such as misinformation and manipulation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Andrea Pedrotti , Michele Papucci , Cristiano Ciaccio , Alessio Miaschi , Giovanni Puccetti , Felice Dell'Orletta , Andrea Esuli

In Large Language Models, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems can significantly enhance the performance of large language models by integrating external knowledge. However, RAG also introduces new security risks. Existing research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Linlin Wang , Tianqing Zhu , Laiqiao Qin , Longxiang Gao , Wanlei Zhou

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) systems provide a method for factually grounding the responses of a Large Language Model (LLM) by providing retrieved evidence, or context, as support. Guided by this context, RAG systems can reduce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Shakiba Amirshahi , Amin Bigdeli , Charles L. A. Clarke , Amira Ghenai

The growing ubiquity of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in several real-world services triggers severe concerns about their security. A RAG system improves the generative capabilities of a Large Language Models (LLM) by a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Christian Di Maio , Cristian Cosci , Marco Maggini , Valentina Poggioni , Stefano Melacci

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique used to augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with contextually relevant, time-critical, or domain-specific information without altering the underlying model parameters. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Laurent Mombaerts , Terry Ding , Adi Banerjee , Florian Felice , Jonathan Taws , Tarik Borogovac

The rise of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has significantly improved automated code generation, enhancing software development efficiency. However, this introduces challenges in academia, particularly in distinguishing between…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various domains, primarily due to their strong capabilities in reasoning and generating human-like text. Despite their impressive performance, LLMs are susceptible to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yangguang Shao , Xinjie Lin , Haozheng Luo , Chengshang Hou , Gang Xiong , Jiahao Yu , Junzheng Shi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents from external sources to improve factual accuracy and verifiability. However, this reliance introduces new attack surfaces within…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Saket S. Chaturvedi , Gaurav Bagwe , Lan Zhang , Xiaoyong Yuan

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has attracted significant attention due to its ability to combine the generative capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) with knowledge obtained through efficient retrieval mechanisms over…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Aiman Al Masoud , Marco Arazzi , Antonino Nocera

Multi-modal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a critical method for empowering LLMs by leveraging candidate visual documents. However, current methods consider the entire document as the basic retrieval unit, introducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yinglu Li , Zhiying Lu , Zhihang Liu , Yiwei Sun , Chuanbin Liu , Hongtao Xie

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising technique for applying LLMs to proprietary domains. However, retrieved documents may contain sensitive knowledge, posing risks of privacy leakage in generative results. Thus, effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yujing Wang , Hainan Zhang , Liang Pang , Yongxin Tong , Binghui Guo , Hongwei Zheng , Zhiming Zheng

Recent advances in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have revolutionized knowledge-intensive tasks, yet traditional RAG methods struggle when the search space is unknown or when documents are semi-structured or structured. We introduce a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Manie Tadayon , Mayank Gupta

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) compensates for the static knowledge limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge, producing responses with enhanced factual correctness and query-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ruobing Yao , Yifei Zhang , Shuang Song , Neng Gao , Chenyang Tu

The growing adoption of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has led to a rise in adversarial attacks. Existing defenses, relying on semantic analysis or voting, face a trade-off between high computational cost and limited robustness under…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Chengcai Gao , Zhihong Sun , Xiaochuan Shi , Qiufeng Wang , Chao Liang

Security applications are increasingly relying on large language models (LLMs) for cyber threat detection; however, their opaque reasoning often limits trust, particularly in decisions that require domain-specific cybersecurity knowledge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Arnabh Borah , Md Tanvirul Alam , Nidhi Rastogi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an effective approach to enhance the factual accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by retrieving information from external databases, which are typically composed of diverse sources, to supplement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jeongyeon Hwang , Junyoung Park , Hyejin Park , Dongwoo Kim , Sangdon Park , Jungseul Ok

The retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enables retrieval of relevant information from an external knowledge source and allows large language models (LLMs) to answer queries over previously unseen document collections. However, it was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Mykhailo Poliakov , Nadiya Shvai