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Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) provides a versatile framework for representing NP-hard combinatorial problems, yet existing solvers often face trade-offs among speed, accuracy, and scalability. In this work, we introduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-06 Jiecheng Yang , Ding Wang , Xiang Zhao , Hairui Zhang , Ming Gao , Lin Yang

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem (QUBO) has become a unifying model for representing a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems, and for linking a variety of disciplines that face these problems. A new class…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Mark Lewis , Fred Glover

We present QUBO.jl, an end-to-end Julia package for working with QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization) instances. This tool aims to convert a broad range of JuMP problems for straightforward application in many physics and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-04 Pedro Maciel Xavier , Pedro Ripper , Tiago Andrade , Joaquim Dias Garcia , Nelson Maculan , David E. Bernal Neira

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a broad class of optimization problems with many practical applications. To solve its hard instances in an exact way, known classical algorithms require exponential time and several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-21 Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a combinatorial optimization to find an optimal binary solution vector that minimizes the energy value defined by a quadratic formula of binary variables in the vector. As many NP-hard…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Koji Nakano , Daisuke Takafuji , Yasuaki Ito , Takashi Yazane , Junko Yano , Shiro Ozaki , Ryota Katsuki , Rie Mori

This tutorial offers a quick, hands-on introduction to solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models on currently available quantum computers and their simulators. We cover both IBM and D-Wave machines: IBM utilizes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Arul Mazumder , Sridhar Tayur

Several combinatorial optimization problems can be solved with NISQ devices once that a corresponding quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form is derived. The aim of this work is to drastically reduce the variables needed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Dario De Santis , Salvatore Tirone , Stefano Marmi , Vittorio Giovannetti

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) modeling and solution framework is a requirement for quantum and digital annealers. However optimality for QUBO problems of any practical size is extremely difficult to achieve. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO or UBQP) is concerned with maximizing/minimizing the quadratic form $H(J, \eta) = W \sum_{i,j} J_{i,j} \eta_{i} \eta_{j}$ with $J$ a matrix of coefficients, $\eta \in \{0, 1\}^N$ and $W$ a…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-07-02 Marco Isopi , Benedetto Scoppola , Alessio Troiani

We introduce VeloxQ, a fast solver for Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems, which are central to many real-world optimization tasks. Unlike approaches that depend on emerging quantum hardware, VeloxQ can be deployed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 J. Pawłowski , J. Tuziemski , P. Tarasiuk , H. Louzada , R. Adamski , K. Hendzel , Ł. Pawela , B. Gardas

Leveraging quantum computers for optimization problems holds promise across various application domains. Nevertheless, utilizing respective quantum computing solvers requires describing the optimization problem according to the Quadratic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Deborah Volpe , Nils Quetschlich , Mariagrazia Graziano , Giovanna Turvani , Robert Wille

We present QUBOLite, a Python package for the creation, manipulation, analysis, and solution of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) instances. Built as a thin wrapper around NumPy arrays, QUBOLite combines efficient numerical…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Sascha Mücke , Thore Gerlach , Nico Piatkowski , Lukas Theißinger

Quantum computers show potential for achieving computational advantage over classical computers, with many candidate applications in combinatorial optimisation. We present an application level benchmarking framework for near-term quantum…

In this article, we describe an algorithm for solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problems on the Intel Loihi 2 neuromorphic processor. The solver is based on a hardware-aware fine-grained parallel simulated annealing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Alessandro Pierro , Philipp Stratmann , Gabriel Andres Fonseca Guerra , Sumedh Risbud , Timothy Shea , Ashish Rao Mangalore , Andreas Wild

Combinatorial optimization problems are typically formulated using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), where constraints are enforced through penalty terms that introduce auxiliary variables and rapidly increase Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Shashank Sanjay Bhat , Peiyong Wang , Joseph West , Udaya Parampalli

Quantum approximate optimization is one of the promising candidates for useful quantum computation, particularly in the context of finding approximate solutions to Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems. However, the…

In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework to solve large-scale permutation-based combinatorial problems effectively using a high-performance quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) solver. To do so, transformations are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-07 Siong Thye Goh , Sabrish Gopalakrishnan , Jianyuan Bo , Hoong Chuin Lau

Heterogeneous HPC workflow scheduling under multiple hard constraints poses a challenging combinatorial optimization problem. Classical exact solvers guarantee optimality but face scalability limits, motivating interest in quantum-inspired…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Christian Boehme , Julian Kunkel

Quantum computing offers significant potential for solving NP-hard combinatorial (optimization) problems that are beyond the reach of classical computers. One way to tap into this potential is by reformulating combinatorial problems as a…

Quantum and quantum-inspired optimisation algorithms are designed to solve problems represented in binary, quadratic and unconstrained form. Combinatorial optimisation problems are therefore often formulated as Quadratic Unconstrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Mayowa Ayodele , Richard Allmendinger , Manuel López-Ibáñez , Matthieu Parizy
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