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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit expert-level performance in tasks across a wide range of different domains. Ethical issues raised by LLMs and the need to align future versions makes it important to know how state of the art models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Guilherme F. C. F. Almeida , José Luiz Nunes , Neele Engelmann , Alex Wiegmann , Marcelo de Araújo

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have established them as powerful tools across numerous domains. However, persistent concerns about embedded biases, such as gender, racial, and cultural biases arising from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hadi Mohammadi , Yasmeen F. S. S. Meijer , Efthymia Papadopoulou , Ayoub Bagheri

Large language models are increasingly being used in critical domains of politics, business, and education, but the nature of their normative ethical judgment remains opaque. Alignment research has, to date, not sufficiently utilized…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Peter Kirgis

Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) return just responses which adhere to societal values is crucial for their broader application. Prior research has shown that LLMs often fail to perform satisfactorily on tasks requiring moral…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Guangliang Liu , Zimo Qi , Xitong Zhang , Lei Jiang , Kristen Marie Johnson

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in domains requiring moral understanding, yet their reasoning often remains shallow, and misaligned with human reasoning. Unlike humans, whose moral reasoning integrates contextual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Mohna Chakraborty , Lu Wang , David Jurgens

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in software engineering tasks such as requirements elicitation, design, and evaluation, raising critical questions regarding their alignment with human judgments on responsible AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Asma Yamani , Malak Baslyman , Moataz Ahmed

When LLMs judge moral dilemmas, do they reach different conclusions in different languages, and if so, why? Two factors could drive such differences: the language of the dilemma itself, or the language in which the model reasons. Standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Nan Li , Bo Kang , Tijl De Bie

The growing interest in employing large language models (LLMs) for decision-making in social and economic contexts has raised questions about their potential to function as agents in these domains. A significant number of societal problems…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Hadi Hosseini , Samarth Khanna

We present an ethical decision-making framework that refines a pre-trained reinforcement learning (RL) model using a task-agnostic ethical layer. Following initial training, the RL model undergoes ethical fine-tuning, where human feedback…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rohit K. Dubey , Damian Dailisan , Sachit Mahajan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities but often struggle to align with human preferences, leading to harmful or undesirable outputs. Preference learning, which trains models to distinguish between preferred…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shawn Im , Sharon Li

In the rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for a myriad of applications, from natural language processing to decision-making support systems. However, as these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jianchao Ji , Yutong Chen , Mingyu Jin , Wujiang Xu , Wenyue Hua , Yongfeng Zhang

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has spurred extensive research into their encoded moral norms and decision-making processes. Much of this research relies on prompting LLMs with survey-style questions to assess how well…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Pratik S. Sachdeva , Tom van Nuenen

Artificial intelligence (AI) is advancing at a pace that raises urgent questions about how to align machine decision-making with human moral values. This working paper investigates how leading AI systems prioritize moral outcomes and what…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Eoin O'Doherty , Nicole Weinrauch , Andrew Talone , Uri Klempner , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xing Xie , Yi Zeng

The question of how to make decisions that maximise the well-being of all persons is very relevant to design language models that are beneficial to humanity and free from harm. We introduce the Greatest Good Benchmark to evaluate the moral…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Giovanni Franco Gabriel Marraffini , Andrés Cotton , Noe Fabian Hsueh , Axel Fridman , Juan Wisznia , Luciano Del Corro

The rapid integration of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) into critical domains necessitates comprehensive moral evaluation to ensure their alignment with human values. While extensive research has addressed moral evaluation in LLMs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Bei Yan , Jie Zhang , Zhiyuan Chen , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Human decision-making belongs to the foundation of our society and civilization, but we are on the verge of a future where much of it will be delegated to artificial intelligence. The arrival of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hao Li , Gengrui Zhang , Petter Holme , Shuyue Hu , Zhen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive moral reasoning abilities. Yet they often diverge when confronted with complex, multi-factor moral dilemmas. To address these discrepancies, we propose a framework that synthesizes multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Chenchen Yuan , Zheyu Zhang , Shuo Yang , Bardh Prenkaj , Gjergji Kasneci

Recent work in large language modeling (LLMs) has used fine-tuning to align outputs with the preferences of a prototypical user. This work assumes that human preferences are static and homogeneous across individuals, so that aligning to a a…

Although large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trained using human feedback for safety and alignment with human values, alignment decisions often overlook human social diversity. This study examines how incorporating pluralistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Dalia Ali , Dora Zhao , Allison Koenecke , Orestis Papakyriakopoulos

As large language models (LLMs) increasingly mediate ethically sensitive decisions, understanding their moral reasoning processes becomes imperative. This study presents a comprehensive empirical evaluation of 14 leading LLMs, both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Junchen Ding , Penghao Jiang , Zihao Xu , Ziqi Ding , Yichen Zhu , Jiaojiao Jiang , Yuekang Li