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We consider the training process of a neural network as a dynamical system acting on the high-dimensional weight space. Each epoch is an application of the map induced by the optimization algorithm and the loss function. Using this induced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Iva Manojlović , Maria Fonoberova , Ryan Mohr , Aleksandr Andrejčuk , Zlatko Drmač , Yannis Kevrekidis , Igor Mezić

The design and analysis of optimal control policies for dynamical systems can be complicated by nonlinear dependence in the state variables. Koopman operators have been used to simplify the analysis of dynamical systems by mapping the flow…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-08-07 Craig Bakker , Steven Rosenthal , Kathleen E. Nowak

When complex systems with nonlinear dynamics achieve an output performance objective, only a fraction of the state dynamics significantly impacts that output. Those minimal state dynamics can be identified using the differential geometric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-19 Shara Balakrishnan , Aqib Hasnain , Robert Egbert , Enoch Yeung

The Koopman operator has become an essential tool for data-driven analysis, prediction and control of complex systems. The main reason is the enormous potential of identifying linear function space representations of nonlinear dynamics from…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-11-06 Sebastian Peitz , Hans Harder , Feliks Nüske , Friedrich Philipp , Manuel Schaller , Karl Worthmann

We present a parallel data-driven strategy to identify finite-dimensional functional spaces invariant under the Koopman operator associated to an unknown dynamical system. We build on the Symmetric Subspace Decomposition (SSD) algorithm, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-30 Masih Haseli , Jorge Cortés

This work presents a data-driven Koopman operator-based modeling method using a model averaging technique. While the Koopman operator has been used for data-driven modeling and control of nonlinear dynamics, it is challenging to accurately…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-05 Daisuke Uchida , Karthik Duraisamy

We demonstrate that numerically computed approximations of Koopman eigenfunctions and eigenvalues create a natural framework for data fusion in applications governed by nonlinear evolution laws. This is possible because the eigenvalues of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-06-23 Matthew O. Williams , Clarence W. Rowley , Igor Mezić , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

Finding an embedding space for a linear approximation of a nonlinear dynamical system enables efficient system identification and control synthesis. The Koopman operator theory lays the foundation for identifying the nonlinear-to-linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Yunzhu Li , Hao He , Jiajun Wu , Dina Katabi , Antonio Torralba

The Koopman and Perron Frobenius transport operators are fundamentally changing how we approach dynamical systems, providing linear representations for even strongly nonlinear dynamics. Although there is tremendous potential benefit of such…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-02-28 Eurika Kaiser , J. Nathan Kutz , Steven L. Brunton

Deep learning is revolutionizing weather forecasting, with new data-driven models achieving accuracy on par with operational physical models for medium-term predictions. However, these models often lack interpretability, making their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 David Millard , Arielle Carr , Stéphane Gaudreault

Using a generalised Floquet-Bloch theory, we present a mathematical method to construct eigenvectors for non-Hermitian Toeplitz operators. We extend the method to both banded Toeplitz operators and those with algebraically decaying, fully…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Yannick de Bruijn , Bryn Davies , Sacha Dupuy , Erik Orvehed Hiltunen

We study the gap (= "projection norm" = "graph distance") topology of the space of (not necessarily bounded) self--adjoint Fredholm operators in a separable Hilbert space by the Cayley transform and direct methods. In particular, we show…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Bernhelm Booss-Bavnbek , Matthias Lesch , John Phillips

This paper explores the relationship that exists between nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) defined as invariant manifolds in phase space and the spectral expansion of the Koopman operator. Specifically, we demonstrate that NNMs correspond to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-05-01 Giuseppe Ilario Cirillo , Alexandre Mauroy , Ludovic Renson , Gaëtan Kerschen , Rodolphe Sepulchre

Koopman decomposition is a non-linear generalization of eigen-decomposition, and is being increasingly utilized in the analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics. Well-known techniques such as the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and its linear…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-05-12 Shaowu Pan , Nicholas Arnold-Medabalimi , Karthik Duraisamy

Koopman operators globally linearize nonlinear dynamical systems and their spectral information is a powerful tool for the analysis and decomposition of nonlinear dynamical systems. However, Koopman operators are infinite-dimensional, and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-09-07 Matthew J. Colbrook

We consider certain non-integer base $\beta$-expansions of Parry's type and we study various properties of the transfer (Perron-Frobenius) operator $\mathcal{P}:L^p([0,1])\mapsto L^p([0,1])$ with $p\geq 1$ and its associated composition…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Horia D. Cornean , Ira W. Herbst , Giovanna Marcelli

Koopman spectral analysis plays a crucial role in understanding and modeling nonlinear dynamical systems as it reveals key system behaviors and long-term dynamics. However, the presence of measurement noise poses a significant challenge to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Zhexuan Zeng , Jun Zhou , Yasen Wang , Zuowei Ping

A data driven, kernel-based method for approximating the leading Koopman eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and modes in problems with high dimensional state spaces is presented. This approach approximates the Koopman operator using a set of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-07-29 Matthew O. Williams , Clarence W. Rowley , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

The generalization of the Koopman operator to systems with control input and the derivation of a nonlinear fundamental lemma are two open problems that play a key role in the development of data-driven control methods for nonlinear systems.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-25 Mircea Lazar

We introduce a linear operator on a Hilbert $C^*$-module for analyzing skew-product dynamical systems. The operator is defined by composition and multiplication. We show that it admits a decomposition in the Hilbert $C^*$-module, called…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-07-19 Dimitrios Giannakis , Yuka Hashimoto , Masahiro Ikeda , Isao Ishikawa , Joanna Slawinska