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The reuse of code fragments by copying and pasting is widely practiced in software development and results in code clones. Cloning is considered an anti-pattern as it negatively affects program correctness and increases maintenance efforts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Hannes Thaller , Rudolf Ramler , Josef Pichler , Alexander Egyed

Programmers often reuse code from source code repositories to reduce the development effort. Code clones are candidates for reuse in exploratory or rapid development, as they represent often repeated functionality in software systems. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Muhammad Hammad , Önder Babur , Hamid Abdul Basit , Mark van den Brand

Code clones are pairs of code snippets that implement similar functionality. Clone detection is a fundamental branch of automatic source code comprehension, having many applications in refactoring recommendation, plagiarism detection, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Maksim Zubkov , Egor Spirin , Egor Bogomolov , Timofey Bryksin

As software becomes increasingly complex and prone to vulnerabilities, automated vulnerability detection is critically important, yet challenging. Given the significant successes of large language models (LLMs) in various tasks, there is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Zeyu Gao , Hao Wang , Yuchen Zhou , Wenyu Zhu , Chao Zhang

Most vulnerability detection studies focus on datasets of vulnerabilities in C/C++ code, offering limited language diversity. Thus, the effectiveness of deep learning methods, including large language models (LLMs), in detecting software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Kohei Dozono , Tiago Espinha Gasiba , Andrea Stocco

This paper presents results from the MSR 2021 Hackathon. Our team investigates files/projects that contain known security vulnerabilities and how widespread they are throughout repositories in open source software. These security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 David Reid , Kalvin Eng , Chris Bogart , Adam Tutko

Code clone detection is a critical task in software engineering, aimed at identifying duplicated or similar code fragments within or across software systems. Traditional methods often fail to capture functional equivalence, particularly for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yunhao Liang , Ruixuan Ying , Takuya Taniguchi , Guwen Lyu , Zhe Cui

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted for code vulnerability detection, their reliability and robustness across diverse vulnerability types have become a pressing concern. In traditional adversarial settings, code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Xiao Li , Yue Li , Hao Wu , Yue Zhang , Yechao Zhang , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Large language models (LLMs) have brought significant advancements to code generation, benefiting both novice and experienced developers. However, their training using unsanitized data from open-source repositories, like GitHub, introduces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Jiexin Wang , Liuwen Cao , Xitong Luo , Zhiping Zhou , Jiayuan Xie , Adam Jatowt , Yi Cai

The practice of code reuse is crucial in software development for a faster and more efficient development lifecycle. In reality, however, code reuse practices lack proper control, resulting in issues such as vulnerability propagation and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Zhiwei Fu , Steven H. H. Ding , Furkan Alaca , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Philippe Charland

The rapid advancement of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has demonstrated promising results for various code-related tasks. However, their effectiveness in detecting real-world vulnerabilities remains a critical challenge. While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Youpeng Li , Weiliang Qi , Xuyu Wang , Fuxun Yu , Xinda Wang

Detecting vulnerabilities in source code remains a critical yet challenging task, especially when benign and vulnerable functions share significant similarities. In this work, we introduce VulTrial, a courtroom-inspired multi-agent…

Vulnerability detection is crucial for maintaining software security, and recent research has explored the use of Language Models (LMs) for this task. While LMs have shown promising results, their performance has been inconsistent across…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Syafiq Al Atiiq , Christian Gehrmann , Kevin Dahlén

Context: Identifying potential vulnerable code is important to improve the security of our software systems. However, the manual detection of software vulnerabilities requires expert knowledge and is time-consuming, and must be supported by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Laura Wartschinski , Yannic Noller , Thomas Vogel , Timo Kehrer , Lars Grunske

Identifying recurring vulnerabilities is crucial for ensuring software security. Clone-based techniques, while widely used, often generate many false alarms due to the existence of similar but patched (SBP) code, which is similar to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zixuan Tan , Jiayuan Zhou , Xing Hu , Shengyi Pan , Kui Liu , Xin Xia

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation, yet their potential for software protection remains largely untapped. Reverse engineering continues to threaten software security, while traditional virtual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Mingqiao Mo , Yunlong Tan , Hao Zhang , Heng Zhang , Yangfan He

Reusing code can produce duplicate or near-duplicate code clones in code repositories. Current code clone detection techniques, like Program Dependence Graphs, rely on code structure and their dependencies to detect clones. These techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Sandeep Kaur Kuttal , Akash Ghosh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made tremendous strides in code generation, but existing research fails to account for the dynamic nature of software development, marked by frequent library updates. This gap significantly limits LLMs'…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Tongtong Wu , Weigang Wu , Xingyu Wang , Kang Xu , Suyu Ma , Bo Jiang , Ping Yang , Zhenchang Xing , Yuan-Fang Li , Gholamreza Haffari

Detecting vulnerabilities in source code remains critical yet challenging, as conventional static analysis tools construct inaccurate program representations, while existing LLM-based approaches often miss essential vulnerability context…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yiheng Cao , Yihao Chen , Xin Hu , Bihuan Chen , Jiayi Deng , Zhuotong Zhou , Susheng Wu , Yiheng Huang , Xueying Du , Xingman Chen , Miaohua Li , Xin Peng

Software clones have been an active area of research for the past two decades. However, although numerous clone detection tools are now available, only a small fraction of the literature has focused on tool evaluation, and this is in fact…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Rachel Gauci