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Gender bias in machine translation (MT) systems has been extensively documented, but bias in automatic quality estimation (QE) metrics remains comparatively underexplored. Existing studies suggest that QE metrics can also exhibit gender…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Giorgos Filandrianos , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis , Wafaa Mohammed , Giuseppe Attanasio , Chrysoula Zerva

Human evaluation of modern high-quality machine translation systems is a difficult problem, and there is increasing evidence that inadequate evaluation procedures can lead to erroneous conclusions. While there has been considerable research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Markus Freitag , George Foster , David Grangier , Viresh Ratnakar , Qijun Tan , Wolfgang Macherey

Automatic post-editing (APE), which aims to correct errors in the output of machine translation systems in a post-processing step, is an important task in natural language processing. While recent work has achieved considerable performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Xuancheng Huang , Yang Liu , Huanbo Luan , Jingfang Xu , Maosong Sun

Evaluation plays a vital role in checking the quality of MT output. It is done either manually or automatically. Manual evaluation is very time consuming and subjective, hence use of automatic metrics is done most of the times. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-19 Aditi Kalyani , Hemant Kumud , Shashi Pal Singh , Ajai Kumar

Automatic post-editing (APE) aims to reduce manual post-editing efforts by automatically correcting errors in machine-translated output. Due to the limited amount of human-annotated training data, data scarcity is one of the main challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Xu Zhang , Xiaojun Wan

Quality Estimation (QE) models evaluate the quality of machine translations without reference translations, serving as the reward models for the translation task. Due to the data scarcity, synthetic data generation has emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Xiang Geng , Zhejian Lai , Jiajun Chen , Hao Yang , Shujian Huang

Processing of multi-word expressions (MWEs) is a known problem for any natural language processing task. Even neural machine translation (NMT) struggles to overcome it. This paper presents results of experiments on investigating NMT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Matīss Rikters , Ondřej Bojar

Pronoun translation is a longstanding challenge in neural machine translation (NMT), often requiring inter-sentential context to ensure linguistic accuracy. To address this, we introduce ProNMT, a novel framework designed to enhance pronoun…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Harshit Dhankhar , Baban Gain , Asif Ekbal , Yogesh Mani Tripathi

This exploratory study investigates the potential of multilingual Automatic Post-Editing (APE) systems to enhance the quality of machine translations for low-resource Indo-Aryan languages. Focusing on two closely related language pairs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Sourabh Deoghare , Diptesh Kanojia , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

In this paper we present an approach for estimating the quality of machine translation system. There are various methods for estimating the quality of output sentences, but in this paper we focus on Na\"ive Bayes classifier to build model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-12-30 Rashmi Gupta , Nisheeth Joshi , Iti Mathur

We present findings from a first in-depth post-editing effort estimation study in the English-Hindi direction along multiple effort indicators. We conduct a controlled experiment involving professional translators, who complete assigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Arafat Ahsan , Vandan Mujadia , Dipti Misra Sharma

Machine translation (MT) was developed as one of the hottest research topics in the natural language processing (NLP) literature. One important issue in MT is that how to evaluate the MT system reasonably and tell us whether the translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Lifeng Han

Text generated by artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots is increasingly used in English as a foreign language (EFL) writing contexts, yet its impact on students' expository writing process and compositions remains understudied. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 David James Woo , Yangyang Yu , Kai Guo , Yilin Huang , April Ka Yeng Fung

Several neural-based metrics have been recently proposed to evaluate machine translation quality. However, all of them resort to point estimates, which provide limited information at segment level. This is made worse as they are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Taisiya Glushkova , Chrysoula Zerva , Ricardo Rei , André F. T. Martins

Since the emergence of wireless communication networks, a plethora of research papers focus their attention on the quality aspects of wireless links. The analysis of the rich body of existing literature on link quality estimation using…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Gregor Cerar , Halil Yetgin , Mihael Mohorčič , Carolina Fortuna

Quality Estimation (QE) is estimating quality of the model output during inference when the ground truth is not available. Deriving output quality from the models' output probability is the most trivial and low-effort way. However, we show…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Tu Anh Dinh , Jan Niehues

This paper presents the JHU-Microsoft joint submission for WMT 2021 quality estimation shared task. We only participate in Task 2 (post-editing effort estimation) of the shared task, focusing on the target-side word-level quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Shuoyang Ding , Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt , Matt Post , Christian Federmann , Philipp Koehn

Pretrained character-level and byte-level language models have been shown to be competitive with popular subword models across a range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, there has been little research on their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Lukas Edman , Gabriele Sarti , Antonio Toral , Gertjan van Noord , Arianna Bisazza

Transformer architectures are increasingly effective at processing and generating very long chunks of texts, opening new perspectives for document-level machine translation (MT). In this work, we challenge the ability of MT systems to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ziqian Peng , Rachel Bawden , François Yvon

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in different tasks and are bringing transformative changes to many domains. However, keeping the knowledge in LLMs up-to-date remains a challenge once pretraining is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Xiou Ge , Ali Mousavi , Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin , Kun Qian , Benjamin Han , Mostafa Arefiyan , Yunyao Li