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The System for Measuring Overlap with Gas (SMOG2) at the LHCb detector enables the study of fixed-target ion-ion collisions at relativistic energies ($\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}\sim100$ GeV in the centre-of-mass). With input from \textit{ab initio}…

Features of collectivity observed in high energy A+A collision systems at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) imply a strongly coupled quark gluon plasma (QGP) that flows. One defining feature of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-10-05 Theodore Koblesky

High statistics data sets from experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with small and large collision species have enabled a wealth of new flow measurements, including the event-by-event…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-06-23 S. H. Lim , J. L. Nagle

We present a study of the elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow and their corresponding eccentricity fluctuations for asymmetric (Au+Ag, Au+Cu and Au+Si) collisions at \sqrt_NN = 200 GeV. These are compared to the corresponding results…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-06-03 Md. Rihan Haque , Md. Nasim , Bedangadas Mohanty

Flow harmonics ($v_n$) in the Fourier expansion of the azimuthal distribution of particles are widely used to quantify the anisotropy in particle emission in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The symmetric cumulants, $SC(m,n)$, are used to…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-07-25 STAR Collaboration , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , G. Agakishiev , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , N. N. Ajitanand , I. Alekseev , D. M. Anderson , R. Aoyama , A. Aparin , D. Arkhipkin , E. C. Aschenauer , M. U. Ashraf , F. Atetalla , A. Attri , G. S. Averichev , X. Bai , V. Bairathi , K. Barish , A. J. Bassill , A. Behera , R. Bellwied , A. Bhasin , A. K. Bhati , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , L. C. Bland , I. G. Bordyuzhin , J. D. Brandenburg , A. V. Brandin , D. Brown , J. Bryslawskyj , I. Bunzarov , J. Butterworth , H. Caines , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez , J. M. Campbell , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , F-H. Chang , Z. Chang , N. Chankova-Bunzarova , A. Chatterjee , S. Chattopadhyay , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , X. Chen , J. Cheng , M. Cherney , W. Christie , G. Contin , H. J. Crawford , S. Das , T. G. Dedovich , I. M. Deppner , A. A. Derevschikov , L. Didenko , C. Dilks , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , J. C. Dunlop , L. G. Efimov , N. Elsey , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , R. Esha , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , J. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , S. Fazio , P. Federic , P. Federicova , J. Fedorisin , P. Filip , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , C. E. Flores , L. Fulek , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , A. Gibson , D. Grosnick , D. S. Gunarathne , Y. Guo , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. I. Hamad , A. Hamed , A. Harlenderova , J. W. Harris , L. He , S. Heppelmann , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , A. Hirsch , L. Holub , S. Horvat , X. Huang , B. Huang , S. L. Huang , H. Z. Huang , T. Huang , T. J. Humanic , P. Huo , G. Igo , W. W. Jacobs , A. Jentsch , J. Jia , K. Jiang , S. Jowzaee , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , A. Kechechyan , D. P. Kikoła , C. Kim , T. A. Kinghorn , I. Kisel , A. Kisiel , L. Kochenda , L. K. Kosarzewski , A. F. Kraishan , L. Kramarik , L. Krauth , P. Kravtsov , K. Krueger , N. Kulathunga , S. Kumar , L. Kumar , J. Kvapil , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , R. Lednicky , J. H. Lee , X. Li , C. Li , W. Li , Y. Li , Y. Liang , J. Lidrych , T. Lin , A. Lipiec , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , P. Liu , H. Liu , Y. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , M. Lomnitz , R. S. Longacre , X. Luo , S. Luo , G. L. Ma , Y. G. Ma , L. Ma , R. Ma , N. Magdy , R. Majka , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , O. Matonoha , D. Mayes , J. A. Mazer , K. Meehan , J. C. Mei , N. G. Minaev , S. Mioduszewski , D. Mishra , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , D. A. Morozov , Md. Nasim , J. D. Negrete , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , G. Nigmatkulov , T. Niida , L. V. Nogach , T. Nonaka , S. B. Nurushev , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , K. Oh , S. Oh , V. A. Okorokov , D. Olvitt , B. S. Page , R. Pak , Y. Panebratsev , B. Pawlik , H. Pei , C. Perkins , J. Pluta , J. Porter , M. Posik , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , A. Quintero , S. K. Radhakrishnan , S. Ramachandran , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , J. B. Roberts , O. V. Rogachevskiy , J. L. Romero , L. Ruan , J. Rusnak , O. Rusnakova , N. R. Sahoo , P. K. Sahu , S. Salur , J. Sandweiss , J. Schambach , A. M. Schmah , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , B. R. Schweid , F. Seck , J. Seger , M. Sergeeva , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , E. Shahaliev , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , W. Q. Shen , F. Shen , S. S. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , S. Siejka , R. Sikora , M. Simko , S. Singha , N. Smirnov , D. Smirnov , W. Solyst , P. Sorensen , H. M. Spinka , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , D. J. Stewart , M. Strikhanov , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , T. Sugiura , M. Sumbera , B. Summa , Y. Sun , X. Sun , X. M. Sun , B. Surrow , D. N. Svirida , P. Szymanski , Z. Tang , A. H. Tang , A. Taranenko , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , M. Tokarev , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , O. D. Tsai , B. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , A. N. Vasiliev , I. Vassiliev , F. Videbæk , S. Vokal , S. A. Voloshin , A. Vossen , G. Wang , Y. Wang , F. Wang , Y. Wang , J. C. Webb , L. Wen , G. D. Westfall , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , Y. Wu , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , Q. H. Xu , Z. Xu , J. Xu , Y. F. Xu , N. Xu , S. Yang , C. Yang , Q. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , I. -K. Yoo , N. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , Z. Zhang , L. Zhang , Y. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , J. Zhang , J. Zhao , C. Zhong , C. Zhou , L. Zhou , Z. Zhu , X. Zhu , M. Zyzak

We study elliptic and triangular flow in the collisions of deuteron-gold nuclei at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 200$ GeV at RHIC and of proton-lead nuclei at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV at the LHC, utilizing (3+1)-dimensional ideal hydrodynamics…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-04-23 Guang-You Qin , Berndt Müller

High-energy nuclear collisions create a quark-gluon plasma, whose initial condition and subsequent expansion vary from event to event, impacting the distribution of the event-wise average transverse momentum ($P([p_{\mathrm{T}}])$).…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-03-14 ATLAS Collaboration

In this paper we show azimuthal particle correlations in three different small-system collisions with different intrinsic initial geometries. The simultaneous constraints of $v_2$ and $v_3$ in $p/d/^3$He$+$Au collisions definitively…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2019-06-25 Tamas Novak

Recent measurements of event-by-event elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 200 GeV exhibit large relative fluctuations of about 40~50%. The data are well described by fluctuations in the shape of the initial collision region, as…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Steven Manly

Flow observables in heavy-ion reactions at incident energies up to about 1 GeV per nucleon have been shown to be very useful for investigating the reaction dynamics and for determining the parameters of reaction models based on transport…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2014-03-25 P. Russotto , M. D. Cozma , A. Le Fevre , Y. Leifels , R. Lemmon , Q. Li , J. Lukasik , W. Trautmann

Within the framework of a multi-phase transport model, harmonic flows $v_n$ (n = 2, 3 and 4) are investigated for Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV. The event-by-event…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-04-29 L. X. Han , G. L. Ma , Y. G. Ma , X. Z. Cai , J. H. Chen , S. Zhang , C. Zhong

Fluctuations in nucleon positions can affect the spatial eccentricity of the overlap zone in nucleus-nucleus collisions. We show that elliptic flow should be scaled by different eccentricities depending on which method is used for the flow…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Valuable information on the dynamics of expanding fluids can be inferred from the response of such systems to perturbations in their initial geometry. We apply this technique in high-energy $^{96}$Ru+$^{96}$Ru and $^{96}$Zr+$^{96}$Zr…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-06-27 Jiangyong Jia , Giuliano Giacalone , Chunjian Zhang

Investigating nucleon-nucleon correlations inherent to the strong nuclear force is one of the core goals in nuclear physics research. We showcase the unique opportunities offered by collisions of $^{16}$O nuclei at high-energy facilities to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-02-17 Chunjian Zhang , Jinhui Chen , Giuliano Giacalone , Shengli Huang , Jiangyong Jia , Yu-Gang Ma

The "imaging-by-smashing" technique has been developed recently in relativistic nuclear collisions. By smashing heavy nuclei at RHIC and the LHC and analyzing the anisotropic expansion (flow) of the final state produced particles, unique…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-01 Zhiyong Lu , Mingrui Zhao , Emil Gorm Dahlbæk Nielsen , Xiaomei Li , You Zhou

We discuss different sources of fluctuations in nuclear collisions and their realization in the IP-Glasma model. We present results for multiplicity distributions in p+p and p+A collisions and compare eccentricity distributions in A+A…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-18 Bjoern Schenke , Prithwish Tribedy , Raju Venugopalan

The harmonic flow coefficients of light nuclei and hypernuclei in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=3$ GeV are investigated using the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics transport model. For the Equation-of-State we employ…

Recent results in d+Au and p+Pb collisions at RHIC and the LHC provide evidence for collective expansion and flow of the created medium. We propose a control set of experiments to directly compare particle emission patterns from p+Au, d+Au,…

The longitudinal structure of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) consists of several components spanning various scales. However, its short-range features are often obscured by final-state non-flow correlations. Here, we introduce a data-driven…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-08-28 Jiangyong Jia , Shengli Huang , Chunjian Zhang , Somadutta Bhatta

Relativistic $^{16}$O +$^{16}$O collisions probe the Quark-Gluon Plasma formed in small systems, while their collective phenomena illuminate the structure of $^{16}$O. Recently, various configurations of $^{16}$O from \textit{ab initio}…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-07-03 Jin-Yu Hu , Hao-jie Xu , Xiaobao Wang , Shi Pu
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